男女退休不同龄制度的宪法学思考

我国1978年规定的男女不同年龄退休制度,如今遭受违宪质疑。对基于性别而进行分类的立法规制的审查,其基准宜采用"严格的合理性审查基准"。据此,规定女性比男性早退休的手段与实现对女性的保护的目的应存在实质性关联。然而由于立法事实的变化,如今这两者之间不仅不存在实质性关联,反而会导致一种"逆反差别"。而且,与规定刚性的男女退休不同年龄制度相比,存在更加宽松的规制手段来达到同样的保护女性的目的。因此,我国的男女退休不同龄制度存在违宪的嫌疑,应及时加以修改。建议在原则上统一男女退休年龄的基础上,允许女性根据自我情况选择提前退休。     

行政裁量的内在构造

认清行政裁量的内在构造是认知并统制行政裁量的前提。从法的规范构造论和适用过程论来看,无论是法律要件之中对不确定法律概念的解释和对案件事实的评价,还是法律效果中决定的作出和措施的选择等,均存在着裁量,其本质均包含着对法律要件的解释判断,只是在裁量的自由度上有所差别。规范与事实之间的照应使得行政裁量成为一种可能,而规范与事实之间的不同使得行政裁量成为一种必要。行政裁量是行政主体在适用法律裁断个案时由于法规范与事实之间的永恒张力而享有的由类推法律要件、补充法律要件进而确定法律效果的自由。     

缅甸独立后外交政策的演变与中缅关系的发展

缅甸独立后,其政治发展经历了多次政权更迭,致使其外交政策发生了几次较为重大的变化。受此影响,中缅关系也出现了一些起伏,但总体上看,奉行积极友善的对华政策一直是历届缅甸政府所遵循的原则。     

乡绅之治与国家权力——以明清时期中国乡村社会为背景

明清时期中国乡村社会背景下的权力结构及其变迁一直为中外学界所关注。乡绅几乎是所有相关研究都无法绕开的关键一环。本文从以往学者对乡绅的不同理解出发,揭示乡绅所具有的权力要素与国家权力之间的紧密关系。探求在国家正式权力对乡村社会的控制力逐渐弱化的前提下,乡绅之治的生成路径。在中国封建社会后期独特的国家与社会的场域中,揭示乡绅之治与国家权力之间的内在联系,即一方面,乡绅之治是国家权力在乡村治理中的延伸;另一方面,乡绅之治是乡村社会防御国家权力的屏障。乡绅之治以保守的姿态,而不是革命的情绪,最终向专制主义国家争得了一个相对自治的乡村社会。     

Direct Democracy,Educative Effects,and the (Mis)Measurement of Ballot Measure Awareness

Political Behavior - A century ago, Progressive reformers in the U.S. introduced the institutional innovations of direct democracy, claiming these reforms would cultivate better citizens. Two...     

Expropriated from the hereafter: The fate of the landless in the Southern Highlands of Madagascar

During the period following the abolition of slavery by the French colonial government in 1896, the Southern Highlands of Madagascar was settled by ex-slaves. These early settlers constructed a foundation myth of themselves as tompon-tany, or ‘masters of the land’, a discourse not only equating land with tombs, kinship and ancestors, but also coupled with a skilful deployment of ‘Malagasy customs’. In order to exclude later migrants who also wanted to settle, the ‘masters of the land’ attempted to establish control over holdings in the area. To this end, and to reinforce their own legitimacy as landholders, the tompon-tany labelled subsequent migrants andevo (‘slave’ or of ‘slave descent’) who – as a tombless people – have no rights to land. Because they have neither tombs nor ancestors, the landless andevo are socially ostracised and economically marginalised. As an ‘impure people’, they are not entitled to a place in the hereafter.     

生态旅游与云南旅游业可持续发展论

旅游业是云南省的支柱产业,在国民经济发展中的地位日益突出.然而,随着旅游业的不断发展,旅游区的开发与当地环境保护之间的矛盾也越来越明显.如何才能在大力发展旅游业的同时,保护好开发区的生态环境,使旅游业走上可持续发展的良性循环轨道,是一个值得研究的课题.重视环境保护是全球的共识,生态旅游是未来旅游业的发展趋势,在发展云南旅游业的大规划中,注重生态旅游才是长远之计.针对云南特有的旅游资源,开发民族生态旅游接待村,是云南开展生态旅游的重要组成部分,也是为生态旅游的发展提供一种有效的模式和途径.     

Identification of a female murder victim found in Burgenland,Austria in 1993

In 1993, the skeletal remains of a female corpse were found in Burgenland, Austria. Initial identification of the approximately 25–35-year-old female appeared impossible, but the case was reopened 23 years later. By applying biogeochemical isotope methods to her body tissues, the geographical origin of the unknown corpse could be predicted. The results of the C, N, S, H, Sr, and Pb isotope analyses suggested that the female did not originate from Europe and most likely spent her youth in the northern Caribbean. Using these findings, the police were able to identify the woman within 2 weeks. The female came from the Dominican Republic and resided in Austria for only a short period before she was murdered. This case shows that isotope biogeochemistry investigations can provide the police with crucial information that enables unknown persons to be identified.

Keypoints

• C-N-S-H and Sr-Pb isotope analyses were applied to human remains associated with a cold case.
• It was possible to determine the region of origin of the unknown deceased individual as the northern Caribbean.
• After 23 years, the murder victim was successfully identified.