Sanctions,Perceived Anger,and Criminal Offending

In articulating models of offender decision-making, researchers have tended to focus on either deterrence/rational choice or situational/emotional considerations. In this paper, we merge these two lines of inquiry and examine how rational choice considerations and perceived angry reactions inter-relate in predicting assaultive violence. Using data collected on a random sample of young adults, we assess three hypotheses. First, that both rational choice and perceived anger exhibit additive effects on assault. Second, that perceived anger influences how rational choice considerations are interpreted. Third, that rational choice considerations influence assault under different levels of perceived anger, and in particular, that the effect of sanction threats fall apart under high perceived anger. Future theoretical and empirical directions are outlined.     

Sources of injustice among individuals with persistent pain following musculoskeletal injury

Evidence supports the negative impact of perceived injustice on recovery following injury. However, little is known about sources that contribute to injustice perceptions in this context. Therefore, this study systematically investigated sources of injustice following painful musculoskeletal injury. Following completion of the Injustice Experiences Questionnaire (IEQ) and measures of pain, depression, and disability, participants completed a semi-structured interview to discuss reasons underlying their IEQ responses. On average, the sample was experiencing moderate levels of pain, depression, and disability, and clinically meaningful levels of perceived injustice. Participants frequently identified employers/colleagues, other drivers, insurers, healthcare providers, family, significant others, friends, and society as sources of injustice. Common reasons for identifying these sources included their contribution to the injury, inadequate assessment or treatment of pain, and punitive responses toward participants’ pain expression. Sex- and injury-related differences emerged in the identification of injustice sources. Potential strategies for preventing perceived injustice following painful injury are discussed.     

Reviews

Certain Fragments: Contemporary Performance and Forced Entertainment By Tim Etchells, 1999. New York: Routledge

Up Your Ass Written by Valerie Solanas, Directed and Presented by George Coates, Performance Works at P.S. 122, New York City, February 7–25th, 2001

Siren Songs: Representations of Gender and Sexuality in Opera Edited by Mary Ann Smart. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.

The Garden An installation by Paul McCarthy, Dietch Projects, New York City

39 MICROLECTURES: in proximity of performance by Matthew Goulish, London: Routledge, 2000     

Book reviews and notes

FRENCH‐ENGLISH GLOSSARY OF FRENCH LEGAL TERMS IN EUROPEAN TREATIES. [Prepared by R. J. B. ANDERSON and R. J. DECKERS. Sweet &; Maxwell/Langenscheidt. 1972. 64 pp. £1.50.]

THE PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE OF THE NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS COURT. By ROGER W. RIDEOUT. [Sweet &; Maxwell. 1973. xvi and 94 pp. (inc. index). £1.75 (paperback).]

SWEET &; MAXWELL'S EUROPEAN COMMUNITY TREATIES. Edited by Sweet &; Maxwell's Legal Editorial Staff, Advisory Editor, K. R. SIMMONDS. [1972. xii and 334 pp. £2.85 (paperback).]

REVENUE LAW. By BARRY PINSON. Sixth Edition. [Sweet &; Maxwell. 1972. lxx and 690 pp. (inc. index). £4.25 (paperback).]

SWEET &; MAXWELL'S GUIDE TO ESTATE DUTY STATUTES. By G. S. A. WHEATCROFT. Second Edition. [1972. xiv and 170 pp. (inc. index). £1.90 (paperback).]

ACCOUNTING IN BUSINESS. By R. J. BULL. Second Edition. [Butterworths. 1972. viii and 279 pp. (inc. index). £2.20 (paperback); £3.60 (bound).]

GORE‐BROWNE ON COMPANIES. Edited by A. J. BOYLE and RICHARD SYKES. [Jordan &; Sons. 1972. cxlii and 1232 pp. £12.60.]

COMMUNITY LAW THROUGH THE CASES. By NEIL ELLES assisted by J. H. VALLATT. [Stevens &; Sons. 1973. xxviii and 411 pp. (including an index and tables of treaties and cases). £7.50 (bound).]

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. By D. LASOK AND J. W. BRIDGE. [Butterworths. 1973. 314 pp. £5.40 (hardback); £3.20 (paperback).]

THE E.E.C. RULES OF COMPETITION. By W. ALEXANDER. [Kluwer Harrap Handbooks. 1973. £4.90.]

EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS. By A. H. ROBERTSON. [Stevens/Matthew Bender. 1973. 3rd ed. xix and 478 pp. (inc. index). £6.00 (hardback); £3.75 (paperback).]

COOPER'S OUTLINES OF INDUSTRIAL LAW. By J. C. WOOD. Sixth edition. [Butterworths. 1972. lxxx, 512 and 41 (index) pp. £4.60 (limp); £6.80 (cased).]

CRACKNELL'S LAW STUDENTS’ COMPANION: CRIMINAL LAW. By T. CORE and C. L. MAUNDY. Second edition. [Butterworths. 1973. vi and 171 pp. (inc. index). £1.80.]     

Racial Residential Segregation and Social Control: A Panel Study of the Variation in Police Strength Across U.S Cities, 1980–2010

Despite a great deal of theoretical and empirical attention given to racial residential segregation and its influence on a number of social problems in the United States, few scholars have examined the role that this persistent form of racial inequality plays in shaping the magnitude of formal social control efforts. Our study examines this relationship by assessing the potential influence that the isolation of minorities may have on efforts to control crime in urban centers across the United States. Using a pooled time-series regression technique well suited for the analysis of aggregate, longitudinal data, we assess the potential influence of racial segregation on the size of municipal police departments in 170 U.S. cities between 1980 and 2010. After accounting for minority group size, economic threat, crime, and disorganization, we find that racial residential segregation has a significant non-linear effect on police force size. Cities with the most racially integrated populations have the smallest police presence but at very high levels of segregation, police strength levels off. This finding is consistent with expectations derived from the contact hypothesis. Under such conditions, majority group members appear to be less inclined to demand greater crime control measures such as increased police protection. Period interactions with residential segregation also suggest that this relationship has grown stronger in each decade since 1980. Overall, our study provides strong support for threat theories and the contact hypothesis but offers necessary refinements.