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41.
Jill S. Cannon Alison Jacknowitz Gary Painter 《Journal of policy analysis and management》2006,25(2):299-321
Kindergarten policy varies widely both across and within states. Over the past decade, a number of states have instituted a full‐day kindergarten requirement and others are considering it as a way to increase educational achievement. Many parents also support full‐day kindergarten as a source of child care. This paper uses the Early Child Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Class of 1998–1999 to evaluate the efficacy of this policy. In ordinary least squares, probit, county fixed effects, and instrumental variables models, we find that there are initial benefits for students and the mothers of students who attend full‐day kindergarten, but that these differences largely evaporate by third grade. Contrary to claims by some advocates, attending full‐day kindergarten is found to have no additional benefit for students in families with income below the poverty threshold. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management 相似文献
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In the wake of the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act, localities across the United States initiated public information campaigns both to raise awareness of threats to air quality and to change behavior related to air pollution by recommending specific behavioral changes in the campaign messages. These campaigns are designed to reduce the health hazards associated with poor air quality and to avoid federal sanctions resulting from the failure to meet air quality standards. As in many other communities across the country, a coalition of government agencies and businesses initiated a public information campaign in the Atlanta metropolitan region to reduce certain targeted behaviors, mainly driving. A two‐stage model used to analyze data from a rolling sample survey shows that the centerpiece of the information campaign—air quality alerts—was effective in raising awareness and reducing driving in a segment of the population. When the overall information campaign was moderated by employers' participation in programs to improve air quality, drivers significantly reduced the number of miles they drove and the number of trips they took by car on days when air quality alerts were sounded. Public information campaigns can be successful in increasing awareness, but changing well‐established behaviors, such as driving, is likely to require institutional mediation to provide social contexts that support the behavioral change, as well. © 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. 相似文献
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Carol Watson 《Negotiation Journal》1994,10(2):117-127
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Gerd Langguth 《Asia Europe Journal》2003,1(1):25-42
With Asia's economy still booming in the second half of the 1990's “Asian values” were announced by some politicians (Lee
Kuan Yew, Mahatir, Ishihara, Mahbubani etc.) and contrasted with “Western values”. Soon a controversial debate within Asia
ensued (Kim, Fidel Ramos ea..), into which also the western democracies joined. The “West” however reacted rather defensively
to the new assertiveness of some Asian statesmen, inspite of the fact that the authors of this debate put into question the
western dominance in global value setting which has been in existence since the French revolution. But has this debate withstood
the test of time, the challenges posed by the recession in Asia and by the ever increasing globalization? Hardly. The crisis
has destroyed the notion that “Asian values” had been the main cause and guarantor of Asia's exorbitant growth rates.
While in the West Christianity forms the essential basics of culture, in Asia there is a multitude of coexisting - and frequently
confronting world religions. There is no other continent which in cultural and political terms is so contradictory and potentially
conflict ridden like Asia. “Asianism” as a concept was surely also intended as an instrument to integrate multiethnic Asian
societies with weak internal cohesion. At the same time it served to neutralize the human rights issue.
In the meantime the debate has become quieter and more dispassionate. In the developed West the notion gained acceptance to
abandon “Eurocentrism”. At the same time there is recognition that “Asian values” are not exclusive. Also in Europe the family
plays a special role. A debate on values is needed for societal integration – also in the “West” which should become more
aware of the need to reassert the origins of its own spiritual foundations. Following September 11th the west is well advised
to continue the dialogue on values with Asia.
Update and expanded version of an article first published in: Au?enpolitik IV/1996, p. 326 “Beginnt das pazifische Jahrhundert?”
I would like to thank Julia Prati for the translation of the updated and expanded version of this article 相似文献
49.
Stephen Kershnar 《Law and Philosophy》2007,26(5):437-463
In two recent cases, Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306. (2003) and Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244. (2003), the Supreme
Court held that the Equal Protection Clause permitted state schools to use race-sensitive admissions in order to obtain the
educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body. The diversity-based argument for race-sensitive admissions, scholarships,
awards, and other opportunities at universities should have been rejected because it does not consider the full range of costs
and benefits and because the more narrow educational effects probably weigh against such programs. However, this does not
suggest that applicants’ race, ethnicity, and gender should be ignored. Rather the same consideration that led to the defeat
of the diversity argument, i.e., reasoning capacity, supports the consideration of demographic factors. However, attention
to such factors further undermines the consequentialist case for affirmative action. 相似文献
50.
Dean G. Pruitt Robert S. Peirce Neil B. McGillicuddy Gary L. Welton Lynn M. Castrianno 《Law and human behavior》1993,17(3):313-330
This article reports the results of a study of the antecedents of long-term success in community mediation. Seventy-three mediation sessions were recorded and content analyzed. The participants were interviewed at two points: immediately after mediation and 4 to 8 months later. No relationship was found between the quality of the agreements—i.e., the extent to which they solved immediate problems- and long-term success as measured by compliance, improved relations between the parties, and the absence of new problems. On the other hand, joint problem solving by the disputants was related to complainant perceptions of improved relations with the other party. Also respondent perceptions that the mediation had been fair and that all the problems had come out were related to all aspects of long-term success in the eyes of the complainant. The latter results support a procedural justice analysis of mediation and underline the importance of mediator attention to the respondent. 相似文献