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931.
Jennifer C. Grubb B.A. Katie M. Horsman‐Hall Ph.D. Karen L.V. Sykes M.S. Rebecca A. Schlisserman M.S. Vanessa M. Covert M.S. Han Na Rhee M.S. Jeffrey D. Ban M.S. Susan A. Greenspoon Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2010,55(3):706-714
Abstract: Automated platforms used for forensic casework sample DNA extraction need to be versatile to accommodate a wide variety of sample types, thus protocols frequently need modification. In this study, DNA IQ? methods previously developed for the Biomek® 2000 Automation Workstation were adapted for the Teleshake Unit using normal volumes and all deepwell extraction, and a large volume DNA IQ? method developed. DNA purification without detectable contamination of adjacent reagent blanks is reported in the extraction of tissue samples containing several micrograms of DNA. Sensitivity and contamination studies demonstrated similar performance with the manual organic extraction method for bloodstain dilution samples. Mock casework samples demonstrated the effectiveness of the Teleshake and Teleshake large volume methods. Because of the performance and increased versatility of the DNA IQ? extraction with these modifications, the Teleshake Unit has been implemented in both normal and large volume automated DNA extractions at the Virginia Department of Forensic Science. 相似文献
932.
Thomas A. Loughran Edward P. Mulvey Carol A. Schubert Laurie A. Chassin Laurence Steinberg Alex R. Piquero Jeffrey Fagan Sonia Cota-Robles Elizabeth Cauffman Sandy Losoya 《Law and human behavior》2010,34(6):476-488
Prior research indicates that adolescent offenders transferred to adult court are more likely to recidivate than those retained
in the juvenile system. The studies supporting this conclusion, however, are limited in addressing the issue of heterogeneity
among transferred adolescents. This study estimates the effect of transfer on later crime using a sample of 654 serious juvenile
offenders, 29% of whom were transferred. We use propensity score matching to reduce potential selection bias, and we partition
the sample on legal characteristics to examine subgroup effects. We find an overall null effect of transfer on re-arrest,
but evidence of differential effects of transfer for adolescents with different offending histories. These results suggest
that evaluating the effects of transfer for all transferred adolescents together may lead to misguided policy conclusions. 相似文献
933.
Feedback suggestive of mistaken eyewitnesses claiming that they identified the correct person leads to distorted retrospective
judgments of certainty, view, and other testimony-relevant measures. This feedback effect can be significantly mitigated if
witnesses later learn that the feedback source did not know which lineup member was the correct person and had a manipulative
intent (post-feedback suspicion manipulation). We replicated the post-feedback suspicion effect and used a mistake condition
showing that the manipulative intent is not a necessary component, thereby ruling out reactance-type interpretations of the
post-feedback suspicion effect. Some conditions included instructions to ensure relevant processing of the feedback before
the post-feedback suspicion manipulations, but these processing instructions did not mitigate the effect. The results suggest
that these retrospective judgments (e.g., certainty, attention, view) remain malleable as new information unfolds. 相似文献
934.
Jeffrey Ian Ross 《Criminal Justice Studies》2017,30(3):289-306
Crimes of the powerful (i.e. corporations, elites, organized crime groups, states, white collar criminals, etc.) have numerous devastating effects. That is why, over the centuries, some philosophers and political theorists - and more recently some constitutional experts, and selected social scientists - have proposed and analyzed the best ways to deter, minimize, prevent, regulate, and hereafter control large powerful interests. Not all powerful actors, however, are equally dangerous nor does this threat remain constant. Moreover, not all methods of control work for all entities. In order to better understand this process, one must determine a number of things including: which powerful actor is currently the most dangerous/harmful, where controls do not exist and/or do not function well, and which controls work best and in which particular setting. To achieve this goal, scholarship in diverse fields need to be integrated, with specific reference to the challenges and problems that have arisen and the solutions that have been proposed. To this end, this article develops a parsimonious but dynamic and heuristic model, consisting of a number of interconnected factors, to depict the process of controlling crimes by the powerful. 相似文献
935.
Duel or Dual: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Parenting Coordination for Uber‐Conflicted Parenting Relationships
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Parenting coordination for families struggling with severe conflict can be challenging for both the family and the parenting coordinator (PC). These families can put an inordinate strain on the PC as they lobby their positions and try to bias the PC against the other parent. The interdisciplinary dual‐PC model is an innovative approach using aspects of the collaborative practice model to enhance the efficacy of the process while utilizing the strengths of both disciplines. Through a case illustration, the identification of the family dynamics and situations that give rise to use of this approach shall become clear. This article also demonstrates the potential benefits to both the family and the PCs. All aspects synthesize into a cohesive, well‐balanced approach to the uber‐conflicted parenting relationships. 相似文献
936.
Kylie N. Key Stacy A. Wetmore Daniella K. Cash Jeffrey S. Neuschatz Scott D. Gronlund 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2017,32(4):369-377
This study examined the effects of post-identification feedback on witness retrospective self-reports in showups and lineups, and importantly, focused on guilty and innocent suspect identifications. After viewing a mock crime video, participants were asked to identify the suspect from either a target-present or target-absent photo lineup or showup. Participants were randomly assigned to receive confirming feedback (“Great job, you made the correct decision”) or no feedback about their identification, before self-reporting confidence, view, attention, willingness to testify, and trust of a witness with a similar view. We replicated the typical finding that confirming feedback inflated witness self-reports and resulted in a larger proportion of witnesses meeting the credibility threshold necessary to testify. Importantly, we also found that showups had significantly higher self-reports than lineups, despite the equal discriminability achieved in this study between these two procedures. These data provide yet another reason for the police to restrict use of showups. 相似文献
937.
938.
Comparing Standard and Selective Degradation DNA Extraction Methods: Results from a Field Experiment with Sexual Assault Kits,
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Rebecca Campbell Ph.D. Steven J. Pierce Ph.D. Dhruv B. Sharma Ph.D. Jessica Shaw Ph.D. Hannah Feeney M.A. Jeffrey Nye M.S. Kristin Schelling M.S. Giannina Fehler‐Cabral Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2017,62(1):213-222
A growing number of U.S. cities have large numbers of untested sexual assault kits (SAKs) in police property facilities. Testing older kits and maintaining current case work will be challenging for forensic laboratories, creating a need for more efficient testing methods. Methods: We evaluated selective degradation methods for DNA extraction using actual case work from a sample of previously unsubmitted SAKs in Detroit, Michigan. We randomly assigned 350 kits to either standard or selective degradation testing methods and then compared DNA testing rates and CODIS entry rates between the two groups. Results and conclusions: Continuation‐ratio modeling showed no significant differences, indicating that the selective degradation method had no decrement in performance relative to customary methods. Follow‐up equivalence tests indicated that CODIS entry rates for the two methods could differ by more than ±5%. Selective degradation methods required less personnel time for testing and scientific review than standard testing. 相似文献
939.
Trait Anger,Physical Aggression,and Violent Offending in Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders
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Nathan J. Kolla M.D. Ph.D. Jeffrey H. Meyer M.D. Ph.D. R. Michael Bagby Ph.D. Amanda Brijmohan B.Sc. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2017,62(1):137-141
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are common conditions in forensic settings that present high rates of violence. Personality traits related to the five‐factor model personality domains of neuroticism and agreeableness have shown a relationship with physical aggression in nonclinical and general psychiatric samples. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the association of these personality traits with violence and aggression in ASPD and BPD. Results revealed that trait anger/hostility predicted self‐reported physical aggression in 47 ASPD and BPD subjects (β = 0.5, p = 0.03) and number of violent convictions in a subsample of the ASPD participants (β = 0.2, p = 0.009). These preliminary results suggest that high anger and hostility are associated with physical aggression in BPD and ASPD. Application of validated, self‐report personality measures could provide useful and easily accessible information to supplement clinical risk assessment of violence in these conditions. 相似文献
940.