Death from pool chlorine--an unusual case

A tank truck containing bulk pool chlorinating solution overturned. A man was trapped beneath the truck, and a ruptured seam in the tank released a continuous flow of sodium hypochlorite over him. He survived for 10 min as the caustic solution extensively eroded soft tissue exposed to the chemical flow.     

Survival time in gunshot and stab wound victims

Forensic pathologists are often asked to estimate postinjury survival time and to render an opinion on the probable extent of physical activity following fatal injury. To study this question, the case files of the Dade County Medical Examiner's Office were reviewed. The year 1983 was chosen arbitrarily for this study and all the autopsy reports of gunshot or stab wound victims whose survival period satisfied criteria established for this study were reviewed. The data were compared to those from a similar study done in 1961. In addition, this study noted the presence and influence of drugs or alcohol on the cause of death and the postinjury survival time.     

Determination of length of human upper limb long bones from their fragments

It is impossible to measure directly the length of fragmentary or broken long bones. It is in order to calculate the height (stature) of the individual, using magnification factors. An attempt has been made to devise a method of calculating the length from such fragments for the three long bones of the upper limb.     

A multi-chemical death involving caffeine, nicotine and malathion

Death of a 21-year-old man who was found in a shower stall in his residence is described in the study. At the scene, a 3/4 filled blue glass bottle labeled "Black Leaf 40" (an insecticide containing nicotine), a white plastic pitcher 1/3 full of thick white fluid, a beer mug 1/4 full of thick white fluid, and an empty carton of milk were found. In addition, a can of malathion and an empty bottle labeled caffeine also were found in the vicinity. Autopsy was performed, and the gross examinations of organs revealed no specific findings to account for the death. However, marked congestion in lung, liver, spleen and kidney were noted at microscopic level. Autolytic degenerative changes were also observed in stomach, small bowel and colon. Toxicological analyses of the autopsy samples (blood, urine, liver and gastric contents) revealed the presence of caffeine and nicotine in each sample. Malathion was found to be present only in gastric content. Caffeine and nicotine were analyzed by utilizing gas liquid chromatography-nitrogen phosphorus detector, while malathion was by gas liquid chromatography-flame photometric detector. Analyses of the fluids from the bottle, pitcher and mug disclosed the presence of nicotine in the concentrations of 17.8%, 3.7% and 5.7% (w/w), respectively. The fluids from the pitcher and mug also contained 2.7-2.9% malathion. Results conclude the death was associated with caffeine, nicotine and malathion.     

试论国际组织与国际组织法的关系

一、国际组织在当今国际社会中的作用 (一)数目惊人、无所不在的国际组织 现代意义的国际组织起源于上个世纪法国大革命之后的欧洲。以持续百年的欧洲协调为代表的会议制度,以功能主义为特点的国际行政联盟,为国际组织的诞生从技术上和组织结构上准备了条件,不过整个19世纪尚不具备现代国际组织大规模发展的时代特征:以欧洲为中心的国际舞台过于狭小,多边主义也未能进入国家间交往的主流行列,大国外交与国际会议仍然是那个时代国际社会的主要特征。真正为国际组织的兴起提供肥沃土壤的还是20世纪,特别是第二次世界大战结束以来的后半个世纪。新兴独立国家的激增,科学     

Providing health insurance in rural china: from research to policy

The focus of this case study is utilizing research to influence policy in a large developing country. Our experiences involve the lack of health insurance for China's rural populations and how our research helped shape China's recent policy attention and efforts on this issue. More than 80 percent of China's 700 million rural residents have no health insurance. This has been the case for the past thirty years, since the collapse of the once-successful Rural Cooperative Medical System after the economic reforms of the early 1980s. In 2002, the Chinese government announced a new rural health financing policy to provide health insurance for its rural populations, financed by a matching fund with contributions from central and local governments, as well as from individual households. This article documents the authors' experiences in addressing several critical questions for converting research results into policy actions, including the following: How are researchers to address policy relevant questions? How are they to acquire the attention of top policy makers to a specific problem? When is the issue at hand serious but not yet critical? And lastly, how are researchers to develop policy recommendations that stand a good chance of being accepted and enacted? Major lessons learned include the need to better understand the mandates and institutional constraints of the policy makers, the appropriateness of timing of both research result and policy efforts, how to use a country's cultural context to garner support of the government, how to enhance the policy's impact by combining formal and informal channels of communication for research dissemination, and the importance of following the policy process through the implementation phase to ensure the original objectives are achieved.     

Gender lost and gender found: BRAC's Gender Quality Action-Learning Programme

This article describes and analyzes the BRAC Gender Quality Action-Learning (GQAL) Program. BRAC aims to bring about organizational change and improve program quality through issue analysis, action planning, and implementation with an understanding of gender. During the 1990s, BRAC increased the number of women staff and set up a women's committee. In 1993, it piloted a gender training program. By 1994, BRAC did not know what the real problems were. A needs assessment was carried out among 400 staff in various program types and levels and revealed 3 empowerment issues. An intuitive understanding did not translate into creative solutions. Staff preferred non-confrontation in dealing with women's subordination in the family and community. Staff strongly believed in training as a way of changing behavior and values. BRAC is an organization in transition. The goal is changing the relationship between men and women. BRAC needs multiple perspectives of men and women staff and primary stakeholders. BRAC is gendered. Quantitative targets must be balanced with quality improvements. Quality occurs by analyzing the process and outcomes of programs. The GQAL program and cycle began in 1995. The GQAL outcome was improved working and democratic relationships and more open communication. Success was based on, for example, a field-based learning intervention, followed by trained facilitators, and innovative and tested methodology. Constraints were the perceived lack of top management support in some programs, frequent transfers of staff, and natural disasters. The authors identify future issues.     

行政程序违法的司法审查

行政程序合法是行政行为合法的必备要件 ,因此 ,应对违法的行政程序进行司法审查。行政程序违法的司法审查 ,仅限于法定的外部强制性行政行为并应遵循合法性审查、合理性审查、无司法变更权原则以及一定的步骤。此外 ,行政程序违法的司法审查应以公正和效率为标准 ,根据不同的情况作不同的处理。