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161.
Gerald J. Protheroe 《Diplomacy & Statecraft》2013,24(2):263-288
This article examines the role of Roger Hilsman, an important State Department official in the Kennedy administration, in the formulation of American policy towards the Vietnam War between 1961 and 1963. Hilsman was one of the leading opponents of a conventional military escalation of the war in Vietnam, frequently clashing with the Pentagon and the American military establishment in order to limit United States' engagement. Hilsman was convinced that “victory” in Vietnam was possible if the United States adopted a counterinsurgency approach to the conflict. This perception was forged by his experiences as a guerrilla fighter in World War II. Perceived to be one of the main architects of the coup against President Diem in 1963, and vilified by elements in the United States military, he was removed from office by President Johnson early in 1964. 相似文献
162.
User charge is an alternative option to privatizing public service provision. But its use as a policy instrument, compared with that of asset sales or contracting out, for instance, is less researched and documented. This paper tries to fill the gap. By contrasting the experiences of employing user charge for two public services in Hong Kong with diametrically opposing results, this paper offers preliminary conclusions on several lessons, which governments, in their drive toward improved efficiency, can learn in commercializing their trading activities. Implications to public policy making are also suggested. These include: the user-pays principle has to be applied equitably, the public service market has to remain depoliticized, the management has to be transformed to behave more entrepreneurially, and the users have to be educated. 相似文献
163.
Young Hun Kim 《Democratization》2013,20(3):519-553
Research on presidentialism has long assumed that presidential impeachment is a rare event, made difficult by design in order to enhance government stability. However, the experience of Third Wave democracies suggests that more presidents have been targets of impeachment attempts than the literature might lead us to expect. In this article I seek to identify the factors that make directly elected presidents more or less vulnerable to impeachment attempts in Third Wave presidential democracies from 1974 to 2003. I find several factors that mobilize deputies against the president: presidential involvement in political scandal, strong presidential powers, and a hostile civil society. Presidents are more likely to fend off such efforts when their party commands a higher share of seats. I also find that popular protest against a president helps to prompt a congressional impeachment drive. Frequent efforts to resolve presidential crises via such legal procedures may explain in part why extra-constitutional means of conflict resolution have become a less attractive option in new democracies. 相似文献
164.
Max Young 《The Law teacher》2013,47(2):145-150
ON THE assumption that law schools should seek to foster a legal profession which takes ethics seriously, this article explores how it may promote the moral development of its students. Having examined how legal education currently fails in this regards, it explores competing psychological theories of moral development and argues that law schools should seek to start students on a ‘moral apprenticeship’ leading to the development of the necessary moral character to equip them for the ethical challenges of practice. The article then looks at the extent to which ideal methods for promoting moral development can be implemented given the current climate in legal education. In particular, it argues that an excellent and viable means of assisting in the process of moral character development is through student involvement in live‐client clinics, particularly if they are run on an extra‐curricular basis. 相似文献
165.
166.
Most prison systems use quantitative instruments to classify and assign inmates to prison security levels commensurate to
their level of risk. Bench and Allen (The Prison Journal 83(4):367-382, 2003) offer evidence that the assignment to higher security prisons produces elevated levels of misconduct independent of the
individual’s propensity to commit misconduct. Chen and Shapiro (American Law and Economics Review, 2007) demonstrate that assignment to higher security level among inmates with the same classification scores increases post-release
recidivism. Underlying both of these claims is the idea that the prison social environment is criminogenic. In this paper
we examine the theoretical premises for this claim and present data from the only experiment that has been conducted that
randomly assigns inmates to prison security levels and evaluates both prison misconduct and post-release recidivism. The experiment’s
results show that inmates with a level III security classification who were randomly assigned to a security level III prison
in the California prison system had a hazard rate of returning to prison that was 31% higher than that of their randomly selected
counterparts who were assigned to a level I prison. Thus, the offenders’ classification assignments at admission determined
their likelihood of returning to prison. There were no differences in the institutional serious misconduct rates of these
same prisoners. These results are contradictory to a specific deterrence prediction and more consistent with peer influence
and environmental strain theories. These results also raise important policy implications that challenge the way correctional
administrators will have to think about the costs and benefits of separating inmates into homogeneous pools based on classification
scores.
Gerald G. Gaes is a criminal justice consultant and Visiting Faculty at Florida State University in the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice in the USA. He was a Visiting Scientist for the National Institute of Justice, where he was senior advisor on criminal justice research, funded by that agency. He was also Director of Research for the Federal Bureau of Prisons and retired from government service in 2002. His current research interests include prison sexual victimization, spatial data analysis of crime, cost benefit analysis of inmate programs, the impact of prison security assignment on post-release outcomes, prison privatization, evaluation methodology, inmate gangs, simulating criminal justice processes, prison crowding, prison violence, electronic monitoring of community supervision cases, and the effectiveness of prison program interventions on post-release outcomes. Scott D. Camp is a Senior Social Science Analyst at the Federal Bureau of Prisons in the USA. He joined the office in 1992 after completing his Ph.D. in Sociology at The Pennsylvania State University, USA. Much of his current research focuses on performance measurement and program evaluations. He also publishes on prison privatization, diversity issues, and inmate misconduct. 相似文献
Scott D. CampEmail: |
Gerald G. Gaes is a criminal justice consultant and Visiting Faculty at Florida State University in the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice in the USA. He was a Visiting Scientist for the National Institute of Justice, where he was senior advisor on criminal justice research, funded by that agency. He was also Director of Research for the Federal Bureau of Prisons and retired from government service in 2002. His current research interests include prison sexual victimization, spatial data analysis of crime, cost benefit analysis of inmate programs, the impact of prison security assignment on post-release outcomes, prison privatization, evaluation methodology, inmate gangs, simulating criminal justice processes, prison crowding, prison violence, electronic monitoring of community supervision cases, and the effectiveness of prison program interventions on post-release outcomes. Scott D. Camp is a Senior Social Science Analyst at the Federal Bureau of Prisons in the USA. He joined the office in 1992 after completing his Ph.D. in Sociology at The Pennsylvania State University, USA. Much of his current research focuses on performance measurement and program evaluations. He also publishes on prison privatization, diversity issues, and inmate misconduct. 相似文献
167.
Gerald Young 《Psychological injury and law》2009,2(1):89-92
In several ways, the book on motor vehicle collisions by Duckworth, Iezzi, and O’Donohue (2008) breaks new ground and should be considered a must-read for workers in the area of psychological injury and law. The editors have assembled a team of expert authors who have cogently analyzed the scientific evidence in the area of motor vehicle collisions and their aftermath, while calling for more research. The book is replete with information that will help practitioners understand and deal with cases involving conditions such as chronic pain, posttraumatic stress, and traumatic brain injury. Practitioners will learn about complications in such cases, including threats to validity and legal aspects. The inclusion of chapters from a medical perspective is a welcome innovation. The book is only lacking in that, although assessment is considered throughout, chapters specifically addressing this topic are not included. The book review concludes that the Motor vehicle collisions book by Duckworth et al. should be included as part of the growing list of excellent resources in the area of psychological injury and law. 相似文献
168.
Gerald Young 《Psychological injury and law》2008,1(4):287-310
This article reviews the predominant psychological approaches to therapy and other treatments in the field of psychological injury. Mostly, they concern cognitive behavior therapy and its variants. However, because of the simultaneous physical injuries or physiological effects that accompany these types of injury, practitioners should adopt an integrated biopsychosocial approach in treatment (Sperry, L., Treatment of chronic medical conditions: Cognitive-behavioral therapy strategies and integrative treatment protocols. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2006; Treatment of chronic medical conditions: Cognitive-behavioral therapy strategies and integrative treatment protocols. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2009). The paper presents a componential model of therapy that integrates the cognitive-behavioral, biopsychosocial, and forensic approaches. More research needs to be undertaken that takes into account the difficulties of conducting therapy with individuals who are expressing psychological injury. This will help in the quest to formulate evidence-based but flexible practice guidelines. The paper concludes with a model that may serve to scaffold the numerous psychotherapies that are available into a more coherent framework. 相似文献
169.
William U. Weiss Jessica Johnson Gerald Serafino Ann Serafino 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2001,16(1):51-55
Research has demonstrated the utility of the MMPI-2 in identifying good and poor performance, dissatisfaction, termination,
low performance ratings, unsatisfactory and satisfactory criterion groups, problematic behavior, corruption, and aggression.
There is much research to suggest that certain patterns of responding to this measure by officer applicants predict job performance
behaviors that supervisors and police executives view unfavorably. This study illustrates the fact that variables which are
likely to predict police performance are less obvious and more subtle. Discussion centers on repression and underlying hostility.
Authors' Note: William U. Weiss, Ph.D., is professor of psychology, The University of Evansville, 1800 Lincoln Avenue, Evansville IN 47722.
At the time this study was done, Jessica Johnson was an undergraduate student research assistant. Gerald F. Serafino, Ph.D.,
and Ann Serafino are in private practice in Roswell, New Mexico. 相似文献
170.
Being a victim of sexual aggression from a peer is a common experience among adolescents and poses a significant risk for
various forms of psychopathology. Unfortunately, little is known concerning specific interpersonal factors that increase an
adolescent’s risk for experiencing sexual aggression. The current study assessed the contribution made by several interpersonal
factors both for the first and repeated experience of becoming a victim of sexual aggression from a peer. Data were collected
annually from a longitudinal sample of 200 adolescents over a period of 4 years and were analyzed using multiple-spell, discrete-time
survival analysis. Approximately 46% of the adolescents reported experiencing some form of sexual aggression by the end of
wave 4. Further, 65% of victims reported experiencing a repeat incident of aggression. Females were at higher risk both for
initial and repeated victimization, as were adolescents with more sexual experience and higher levels of rejection sensitivity.
Results are discussed in terms of implications for future prevention efforts.
相似文献
Wyndol FurmanEmail: |