Law enforcement’s examination of vehicle crashes is often nested in the Data-Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS) framework which highlights the importance of hot spot analysis. To assist law enforcement efforts, this study explores how two additional spatial techniques, namely risk terrain modeling (RTM) and conjunctive analysis of case configurations (CACC), could be incorporated within the DDACTS framework. RTM was utilized to identify how the built, physical environment contributed to the risk of traffic incidents. RTM identified 6 risk factors related to the occurrence of vehicle crashes, and high-risk places were compared to hot spots on predictive accuracy. CACC was used to explore configurations likely to result in traffic incidents for the priority places. Our findings support the Theory of Risky Places and fit within a vulnerability-exposure framework, providing law enforcement with guidance for identifying places where vehicle crashes are likely to occur in the future. In addition to providing insight for law enforcement, we discuss how law enforcement can develop working partnerships with stakeholders capable of preventing and/or reducing traffic incidents, which is in line with the general DDACTS framework.
This article presents the case for Australian war crimes trials, following Australian participation in the invasion of Iraq
and the subsequent deaths of as many as a million Iraqi civilians. It focuses on jus in bello (war crimes) rather than jus
ad bellum (just war). The article sets out the argument and rationale that Australian war crimes trials are needed. Having
established the necessity, the article identifies two of the principal alleged atrocities for which Australian officials should
be held criminally accountable. It details Australian military support for the use of cluster bombs against civilians during
the 2003 invasion, and senior Australian military commanders’ responsibility for planning and carrying out multiple purported
war crimes during the attack on Fallujah in late 2004. The article recognises that, in order for Australian officials to be
prosecuted under the International Criminal Court (ICC), all domestic remedies must be first exhausted. It therefore specifically
addresses which Australian laws can be used, with particular emphasis on anti-terrorist legislation passed in 2002 under the
Howard Government and the introduction into Australia’s domestic federal criminal legislation offences equivalent to the ICC
Statute offences of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. These provide the most applicable legal tools for prosecuting
senior Australian officials for war crimes in Iraq. 相似文献
Largely neglected within studies of Australian attitudes — and changing Australian attitudes — toward Asia throughout the twentieth century are the diverse views expressed by the single major group of Australians to encounter the region, namely the servicemen and women of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) who served the nation during the Pacific War 1941–1945. Within forums offered by soldier publications such as Salt, Australian troops were engaged in discussions about why the war had been fought (often with reference to the merits and ideals outlined within the Atlantic Charter, Declaration by United Nations and United Nations Charter). Central to such discussions were attitudes toward race, colonialism and Australia's role and future role in regional and world affairs. Importantly, well‐informed understandings of Asian affairs were crucial to discussions. 相似文献
The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) is currently the most widely used measure for identifying cases of intimate partner
violence within the hearing population. The CTS2 has been used successfully with individuals from various countries and cultural
backgrounds. However, the CTS2 had not yet been used with Deaf individuals. The goal of the present study was to investigate
the internal consistency reliability and the factor structure of the CTS2 within a sample of Deaf female college students.
Psychometric analyses indicated that subscales measuring Victimization of Negotiation, Psychological Aggression, Physical
Assault, and Injury proved both reliable and valid in the current sample. Three subscales did not evidence reliability and
the factor structure was not valid for Perpetration items. 相似文献
This study looked at 12 juveniles in Wisconsin who were recommended by experts for commitment under Chapter 980, known as the Sexually Violent Person Commitments Act, but who ultimately were not committed. The purpose was to determine the accuracy of these assessments and risk for sexual reoffending for juvenile sexual offenders. The results found a rate of 42% sexual recidivism among these individuals, with a 5-year at-risk period. This figure is in contrast to the low rates of sexual recidivism reported in the general juvenile sexual research. This provides evidence that the capability to assess the risk in juvenile sexual re-offending may at times be higher than previously estimated. Implications of these unusual results are discussed. 相似文献
Two prominent American demographers present an up-to-date study of trends and countertrends in mortality of the Soviet population; discussed are variations (by republic and over time) in life expectancy, infant mortality, and mortality in the working ages. Analyzing trends since 1959, the authors highlight problems relating to the quality and interpretation of pertinent statistical data of Soviet origin. Distinguishing real trends from pseudotrends, they evaluate mortality differences among regions and illustrate a more favorable long-term trend in mortality than suggested by official figures (nonetheless, because of error in official statistics, actual rates are generally higher). Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: 052, 123, 841. 相似文献