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This article looks at the emergence and maintenance of interest groups. We systematically identify a range of membership incentives that underpin mobilisation and apply them to a case study, the Federation of Small Businesses (FSB), focusing on the recruitment literature rather than the special niche literature on trade associations. The FSB was created in 1974 and membership was 'flat' at about 40,000 until recruiting method changes were introduced in the early 1990s. The total now approaches 200,000. This account of FSB recruitment argues unsurprisingly that the group resulted from a combination of diverse influences rather than the Truman type of 'automatic' mobilisation. More surprisingly, it notes that while early membership is accounted for by the perspectives of Truman, Salisbury, Wilson, Moe, Opp and Sabatier, the major increases of the past decade requires attention to the contribution of face-to-face marketing and Olsonian incentives. The FSB is an unusually good example of group entrepreneur activity that illustrates how entrepreneur incentives are different from those salient to members. Groups can experience different phases and forms as they grow. We exploit a 'natural experiment' by illustrating how the FSB addressed membership stagnation by changing the recruitment package in a broadly Olsonian direction. The 'before and after' patterns of recruitment allow a 'test' of these techniques. It also raises the issue of how different recruitment efforts produce a membership with different political characteristics. 相似文献
255.
Conclusion The current approaches to equality law in South Africa and Canada place these jurisdictions at the forefront of serious and
comprehensive judicial at tempts to give effect to substantive equality. These attempts to overcome formalism are processes,
judicially acknowledged as such, and as yet far from complete. At the conceptual center of the development of substantive
equality is the legal realization of human dignity: not an abstract, individualistic notion, but a concept about the relation
between the individual and state, and individual and group, which is circumscribed by concern, respect and consideration.
But substantive equality is not possible only through the case law. The current issues surrounding intersectional discrimination
and the contextual appreciation of a claimant’s circumstances are urgent reminders that the methods and remedies afforded
by the structure of litigation of equality rights claims simply cannot accommodate many instances which call for relief. The
fact that these inadequacies of court enforced claims are beginning to be laid bare by some of the problems being faced by
the Courts in equality claims is perhaps not a failing of equality law and the concept of dignity, but its strength. The methodology
of human rights litigation in countries like Canada and South Africa supports a dialogue between court and legislature. As
substantive equality develops in these jurisdictions, the limits of judicial development will be challenged. That is ultimately
to be welcomed, if the legislatures are responsive to the definition of human dignity and substantive equality in development
judicially, and respond with efforts to support and promote these developments. 相似文献
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Jill A. Gordon Blythe Proulx Patricia H. Grant 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2013,38(2):245-265
Determining the attitudes of correctional officers relative to their level of fear and risk of victimization is important to investigate due to the relationship of the conditions of confinement and the care and custody of offenders. Furthermore, consideration of such attitudes by gender may uncover differences because of the unique obstacles female corrections officers face. This study examines the level of fear and risk of both inmate and staff related victimization by gender through administering a survey to all corrections officers employed in the adult prisons within one-state. The overall analysis indicated some level of apprehension among officers regarding their fear and risk of victimization for inmate-precipitated victimization more than staff-to-staff victimization. Female officers were also more likely to demonstrate a higher level of perceived fear and risk of inmate-precipitated and staff-precipitated victimization. In addition, race and security level were shown to be significant as predictors of both fear and perceived risk of victimization among officers. 相似文献
258.
Grant Duwe 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2010,6(1):57-81
Using a retrospective quasi-experimental design, this study evaluated the effectiveness of prison-based chemical dependency
(CD) treatment by examining recidivism outcomes among 1,852 offenders released from Minnesota correctional facilities during
2005. Because recidivism data were collected on the 1,852 offenders through the end of 2008, the average follow-up period
was 42 months. To minimize the threat of selection bias, propensity score matching was used to create a comparison group of
926 untreated offenders who were not, for the most part, significantly different from the 926 treated offenders. Results from
the Cox regression analyses revealed that participating in prison-based CD treatment significantly reduced the hazard ratio
for recidivism by 17–25%. Although dropping out of treatment did not increase the risk of recidivism, completing treatment
significantly lowered it by 20–27%. The findings also suggest that long-term treatment programs were not as effective as short-
or medium-term programs in reducing the risk of recidivism. The study concludes by discussing the implications of these findings. 相似文献
259.
This study evaluates the effectiveness of state child safety seat laws in the United States. Data for all fifty states for the period 1975 to 1994 are used. Pooled time series analysis is employed to estimate a model of the rate of fatalities suffered by children ages 0–5 years as occupants in automobile crashes. The occupant fatality rate for children 6–11 years of age is used as a comparison group to control for other trends not introduced in the estimated models. The results show that child safety seat policies have significantly reduced fatality rates among children 0–5 years of age. For each additional year of age covered by a state statute, this fatality rate drops 4.8%. A similar reduction in the fatality rate of the older age cohort (6–11 years old) was not observed. 相似文献
260.
Grant Duwe 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2018,14(4):463-484