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991.
In recent years much has been written on the communist successor parties. Although much of the existent work focuses on the electoral performance of these parties or has described, in great detail, the development of single parties, this paper evaluates the utility of theories of party identity change in application to the successor parties. As an initial exploration we investigate the successor parties' programs before and after the initial competitive parliamentary elections in Hungary (in 1990), Poland (in 1991) and Russia (in 1993) to determine the extent to which poor electoral performance in initial competitive elections compelled the successor parties to alter their political identities. 相似文献
992.
This study examines Korean Americans' perceived incivilities, perceived crime risk, and fear of crime using an explanatory model combining group threat theory of racial hostility and risk interpretation theory of fear of crime. In particular, our hierarchical linear models show strong effects on fear of crime for English proficiency, length of U.S. residence, preference for ethnic Korean media, perceived risk of future black rioting, and anti-black prejudice. We discuss the importance of cultural factors and the dynamics of race and ethnic conflicts in explaining fear of crime, and suggest directions for future research on race relations, perceived victimization risks, and fear of crime. 相似文献
993.
994.
Samuel T. Gontkovsky 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2000,15(1):45-49
Effectively coping with criminal behavior is one of the most serious social issues confronting contemporary policy makers.
Philosophical arguments have been made to address the causes of Crime rather than simply treating its symptoms. While this
makes sense logically, the feasibility of such a endeavor is questionable. This being the case, it appears that treating the
symptoms of criminal behavior is not only a necessary but possibly the only course of action. In this light, the measures
taken to address crime to this point in time have, for the most part, been ineffective and in may cases, the costs have far
exceeded the benefits. Recidivism rates clearly illustrate that a large percentage of newly committed crimes are being perpetrated
by individuals who have been convicted of offenses in the past. Accordingly, effective rehabilitation emphasizing individually
tailored programs of treatment during periods of institutionalization is necessary, prior to reintegration of offenders back
into society. This need is particularly evident when faced with psychologically disturbed inmates. 相似文献
995.
The transfer of new health technology to South Africa is occurring despite the fact that North American and European health care planners and entrepreneurs have a very limited understanding of traditional Black South African cultures which condition the health-related behaviors of the majority of the population. Consequently, relatively few people of African descent in this very diverse nation are, at least initially, benefiting from the new imported medical technology. This study gives an overview of traditional Black medicine in South Africa and, through the presentation of several case studies, discusses its implications for the societal adoption of new health technology received from the United States and other industrialized nations. The example of the successful application of cervical cancer exams in rural and urban clinics of the Eastern Cape is analyzed and institutional mechanisms that support successful transfer are identified. 相似文献
996.
Charles T. Clotfelter 《Journal of policy analysis and management》2001,20(2):199-221
The effect of interracial contact in public schools on the enrollment of whites has been an important concern in assessments of desegregation since the 1970s. It has been feared that “white flight”—meaning exit from or avoidance of racially mixed public schools—could undermine the racial contact that desegregation policy seeks to enhance. This study examines this question using recent data. It also expands coverage from large urban districts to entire metropolitan areas, paying attention to the spatial context within which enrollment decisions are made. To do so, it examines data for 1987 and 1996 on racial composition and enrollment in all schools and school districts in 238 metropolitan areas. The study finds that white losses appear to be spurred both by interracial contact in districts where their children attend school and by the opportunities available in metropolitan areas for reducing that contact. These findings apply with remarkable consistency to large and small districts in both large and small metropolitan areas. Implications for metropolitan segregation are examined. © 2001 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. 相似文献
997.
This article assesses the Clinton administration record of budgeting. During President Clinton's two terms, the federal government moved from an era of large deficits to one of equally large surpluses. This turnaround was caused by both the strong economy and the deficit reduction deals of 1990, 1993, and 1997. Defense spending and interest declined as a percentage of the budget, whereas mandatory spending and nondefense discretionary spending increased. Acrimonious interbranch budgetary relationships dominated, with Clinton ultimately winning far more fights than he lost. Executive branch budgetary and financial management capacity improved during the Clinton administration. 相似文献
998.
Conclusion No international agreement has been completely effective in reducing slavery. This stems in part from the evolution of slavery
agreements and the inclination on the part of the authors of conventions to include other practices as part of the slavery
defintion, resulting in a confusion of the practices and definitions of slavery. What has been missing is a classification
that is dynamic and yet sufficiently universal to identify slavery no matter how it evolves. We have attempted to build on
theories and examples to clarify the identification of slavery by focusing on an irreducible core of three elements. Assessing
the presence of all three can then be applied to a variety of social relationships: first, the complete control of one personal
by another; second, appropriation of labor power; and third, the enforcement of these conditoins by threats or acts of violence.
Many practices identified in international agreements have some but not all of these three aspects; all three are present
in traditional forms of slavery, bonded labor, forced prostitution, and sexual slavery. Effective research and legislation
against slavery is important, as it affects an estimated 27 million people worldwide, and as slavery is on the increase now
that many developing countries are forced to compete for income in a global economy. Finally it is important to remember that
slavery, like all social and economic relationships, evolves over time. Any definition that is based on a historical form
of slavery will soon lose its power to capture new forms of slavery within its aegis. Our understanding and our definition
of slavery must become as dynamic as the phenomenon itself.
This article draws upon a report made to the United Nations Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, prepared by Anti_Slavery
International and Professor David Weisbrodt. (See Report of the Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery on Its Twenty-Third
Session, UN Doc./E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/14, para. 22 (1998). Michael Dottrigher Director of Anti-Slavery International, was a lead
author of that report. Norah Gallagher also provided important research, along with Matthew Armbrecht, Marcela Kostihova,
and Mary Thacker. Production of the report was supported in part by Kevin Bales. Caroline Tendall aided the editing of this
article. 相似文献
999.
Sarah?A.?StoddardEmail author Susan?J.?Henly Renee?E.?Sieving John?Bolland 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(3):278-295
Youth living in impoverished urban neighborhoods are at risk for becoming hopeless about their future and engaging in violent
behaviors. The current study seeks to examine the longitudinal relationship between social connections, hopelessness trajectories,
and subsequent violent behavior across adolescence. Our sample included 723 (49% female) African American youth living in
impoverished urban neighborhoods who participated in the Mobile Youth Survey from 1998 through 2006. Using general growth
mixture modeling, we found two hopelessness trajectory classes for both boys and girls during middle adolescence: a consistently
low hopelessness class and an increasingly hopeless class with quadratic change. In all classes, youth who reported stronger early adolescent connections to their mothers were less
hopeless at age 13. The probability of later adolescent violence with a weapon was higher for boys and was associated with
the increasingly hopeless class for both boys and girls. Implications for new avenues of research and design of hope-based prevention interventions will
be discussed. 相似文献
1000.