一株猪源1型呼肠孤病毒的分离及鉴定

为了研究猪呼肠孤病毒的分子生物学特性,通过在细胞培养液中添加胰酶的方法,从仔猪腹泻粪样中分离、纯化并鉴定了1株能在Vero细胞上稳定产生细胞病变,以细胞颗粒增多、肿胀、漂落等细胞病变为主要特征的猪源1型呼肠孤病毒SHR-A株。根据呼肠孤病毒的理化特性,对病毒进行初步纯化,然后进行电镜观察、核酸提取、RNA电泳、RT-PCR、各病毒基因扩增和克隆测序等常规病毒学鉴定。SHR-A株S1基因的同源性分析和核苷酸系统发育进化树分析表明,该病毒与哺乳动物呼肠孤病毒血清1型的同源性较高,而与血清2型和3型的同源性较低,因此初步判断该SHR-A株为血清1型,为国内首次报道从猪体内分离到血清1型的呼肠孤病毒。进一步分析发现,SHR-A的S1基因全长为1 465bp,其3′-UTR为3型,其余部分则为1型,说明其S1基因是1型和3型的嵌合体,此结果表明,哺乳动物呼肠孤病毒作为RNA病毒,基因重组可能是其除基因突变和基因重排以外的第3种病毒变异进化的重要方式。     

大陆法系变迁考

法系的理论,最早是由日本学者穗积陈重(1855-1926)提出来的。1881年,穗积陈重从英国、德国留学回到日本,担任了东京帝国大学法学部的教授,在创设"法理学"(Jurisprudence)课程的同时,提出了"五大法律家族"的学说,将世界各国的法律制度,划分为五大法族(legal family),其中的罗马法族,就是大陆法系。①经过130多年的发展演变,与中华法系、印度法系等相继消亡相反,大陆法系与英美法系却日益发展、愈加兴旺。本文从大陆法系的内涵、发展和历史渊源,大陆法系的基本特点,第二次世界大战以来大陆法系的新变化等方面,详细论述了大陆法系的变迁,并对其中发生作用的若干规律作了探索。     

Poverty in Bangladesh: Measurement,decomposition and intertemporal comparison

This article, using the methodology developed by Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke to measure and decompose poverty, provides estimates of the levels of poverty in rural and urban areas in Bangladesh. It investigates in the context of Bangladesh, the most powerful effect of poverty in terms of a shortfall in food for daily calorie intake by the poor. It provides intertemporal comparison of poverty and its decomposition among subgroups. It also makes comparisons between the results obtained in this study with those currently available. The results of the study show a significant improvement in poverty situations in rural areas from 1982 to 1986. The article also discusses the policy implications of its findings.     

Civil service reforms in British India and united Pakistan

Nearly 200 years of British rule of the Indian sub-continent clearly and significantly affected the society and people in the region. One of the continuing legacies of the British rule has been in the area of civil administration. The Indian Civil Service (ICS) characterized by centralization of authority and elite nature symbolized the British domination of the Indian people. From time to time attempts were made to reform the ICS. These reforms included introduction of competitive examination as a mode of entry, provision for systematic training and Indianization of the service. Pakistan inherited and continued with the British administrative system. The Civil Service of Pakistan (CSP) was modelled after the ICS. A number of attempts were made to reform the CSP but all failed due to lack of political will and bureaucratic resistance to major administrative reforms.     

Local Governments and Local Elites

Local government reform 2001 is an important part of the Government of Pakistan's programme for democratic renewal. The main feature of introducing the Local Government System was to empower the people at the grassroots level and to transfer power from the elite to the masses. This paper uses councillors‘ data from north-western Pakistan to examine the economic and social status of village representatives. Land ownership, high income, education and political connections increase the chances of election to public office at the district and sub-district level, but do not have much impact at the village level. There is evidence of genuine change at union (village) level as the majority of councillors (65 per cent) at this level belong to low-income group and small landowners. So the system has changed the identity of the locally politically dominant group. But, at the same time, results suggest that while local governments units are helpful in creating spaces for a broader range of non-elite community leaders to emerge, elite control of decision making is pervasive. However, it is expected that the presence of non-elite members in the councils may change the allocation of resources in favour of the disadvantaged group with the passage of time, provided elections to councils are held regularly.     

Identification of Risk Factors Generating Terrorism in Pakistan

Terrorism is a complex issue and various researchers have identified numerous causes and conditions that generate or are capable of generating terrorism. In the last decade, terrorist attacks claimed 36,495 lives and injured 27,985 people in Pakistan as a result of 3,482 bomb blasts and 281 suicide attacks. The aim of this research was to establish the major risk factors generating terrorism, based on the opinions of security officials who dealt directly with the Pakistan security situation. Sixty-five causes identified from the literature and interviews with security officials were modeled and transformed into a questionnaire. A nationwide response from security officials who were directly involved in dealing with apprehended terrorists was obtained. The population was selected proportionately from high, medium, and low security zones of Pakistan. Out of 500 questionnaires sent, 103 valid responses were received. The results helped establish the 13 major risk factors associated with generating terrorism. It was observed that addressing these 13 major risk factors would mostly resolve the other minor risk factors as well. Findings of this research might be beneficial for countries affected by terrorism, and countries with prioritized and rationalized allocation of funds in their budgets for substantially overcoming terrorism.     

论交通事故中的车体痕迹

交通事故司法鉴定中车体痕迹的鉴定至关重要,但目前对车体痕迹的概念、分类等尚见仁见智,存在一定差异,特别是对车体痕迹外部特征的表述,没有形成统一的标准。论文从车体痕迹的概念着手,分析了车体痕迹在司法鉴定中的应用,对广泛存在的车体痕迹从外部特征进行了详细分类,即附着物痕迹、移位痕迹、变形痕迹、刮擦刺剪痕迹、折叠痕迹、破裂破损爆裂痕迹、断脱脱落缺失痕迹、孔洞洞穿类痕迹、塌陷状痕迹、粉碎性痕迹等十种。希望引起讨论,形成统一的标准。     

党的执政资源建设新举措

党的十八大以来,新一届中央领导集体立足世情国情,对我们党的执政资源建设作出了重要部署,力求实现执政资源的最优配置。主要表现为：坚持群众路线,巩固群众资源;全面建成小康,扩充经济资源;建设文化强国,繁荣文化资源;利用网络媒体,拓宽信息资源。中央的这些新部署,丰富和发展了党的执政资源建设理论,对提高党的执政能力、巩固党的执政地位意义重大。     

贵州少数民族音视频文献资源建设思考

简述贵州民族音视频文献资源建设的重要意义,指出贵州少数民族音视频文献资源建设应重点采集少数民族建筑、少数民族民间口承文学、少数民族节日、少数民族民间艺术、少数民族民间工艺等音视频文献。提出制定科学的民族文献资源建设整体规划,利用公共文化服务网络,推进少数民族音视频文献建设等策略。     

Chinese Capabilities as a Global Space Power

Since the early 1960s, China has been enhancing national power and, in this regard, Chinese space capabilities play a pivotal role. Today, China is second among spacefaring counties, behind the United States, as a measure of human spaceflight, as well as in commercial and military satellite systems. Chinese space technology, in contrast to developed nations, is comparatively cost-effective; China is sharing it with developing nations for their space programs, consequently expanding the pool of spacefaring states. Most significantly, China’s nuclear, military, and space capabilities provide it with an opportunity to reassert itself as a global power, enhancing its strategic outreach and preventing adversaries from contemplating strategies against it.