A comparative study on the concentrations of 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCCOOH) in head and pubic hair

In this study, the concentrations of 11-nor-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCCOOH) in pubic, axillary and beard hair were measured and the correlation between the concentrations of THCCOOH in head and pubic hair from same cannabis users were evaluated. The papers on body hair analysis for THCCOOH were rarely found although police officers submit body hair as a complimentary specimen to forensic laboratories in case cannabis users had no hair. Head, pubic, axillary, and beard hair were collected. All hair samples were cut into 0.5mm segments and decontaminated with methanol, digested with 1 mL of 1M NaOH at 85 °C for 30 min and extracted in 2 mL of n-hexane:ethyl acetate (9:1) two times after adding 1 mL of 0.1N sodium acetate buffer (pH = 4.5) and 200 μL of acetic acid followed by derivatization with 50 μL of PFPA and 25 μL of PFPOH for 30 min at 70 °C. The extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry operating in negative chemical ionization mode (GC/MS/MS-NCI). We determined the concentrations of THCCOOH in both pubic and head hair. The concentrations of THCCOOH in pubic hair were higher than those in head hair. We also evaluated the concentrations of THCCOOH in body hair (pubic, axillary and beard hair) and head hair according to the positive/negative urine test results. There was no statistically significant difference in the concentrations of THCCOOH in head and body hair according to urine results.     

Forged seal detection based on the seal overlay metric

This paper describes a method for verifying the authenticity of a seal impression imprinted on a document based on the seal overlay metric, which refers to the ratio of an effective seal impression pattern and the noise in the neighborhood of the reference impression region. A reference seal pattern is obtained by taking the average of a number of high-quality impressions of a genuine seal. A target seal impression to be examined, often on paper with some background texts and lines, is segmented out from the background by an adaptive threshold applied to the histogram of color components. The segmented target seal impression is then spatially aligned with the reference by maximizing the count of matching pixels. Then the seal overlay metric is computed for the reference and the target. If the overlay metric of a target seal is below a predetermined limit for the similarity to the genuine, then the target is classified as a forged seal. To further reduce the misclassification rate, the seal overlay metric is adjusted by the filling rate, which reflects the quality of inked pattern of the target seal. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method can detect elaborate seal impressions created by advanced forgery techniques such as lithography and computer-aided manufacturing.     

Evaluation of postmortem redistribution phenomena for commonly encountered drugs

We described the findings of a study into the post-mortem redistribution (PMR) of 76 drugs found in 129 drug-related cases between 2006 and 2009. Seventy six drugs (psychotropic drugs (n=14), antidepressants (n=9), sedatives (n=6) and so on) were simultaneously quantified in cardiac and peripheral blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The absence, possibility or presence of PMR of drugs was determined according to the ratios of cardiac to femoral blood concentrations (C/P ratios). Proxyphylline (C/P ratio: 0.85) showed no PMR; carbamazepine was not subject to PMR; a potential for PMR of lorazepam and mirtrazapine cannot be excluded; chlordiazepoxide is subject to PMR; acetaminophen and alprazolam exhibit minimal PMR; amitriptyline and benztropine exhibit PMR. Codeine (C/P ratio: 4.9), zolpidem (C/P ratio: 3.74), chlorpromazine (C/P ratio: 2.97), fluoxetine (C/P ratio: 2.83) and propranolol (C/P ratio: 2.72) had the largest C/P ratios. Postmortem drug concentrations showed variations depending on sampling sites and characteristics of the drugs. It is continuously necessary to analyze commonly used or abused drugs in simultaneously collected cardiac and peripheral blood to establish significant reference values for PMR. These findings can be used to reach a conclusion about the cause and manner of death.     

宪法实施与中国社会治理模式的转型

30年来,在中国社会的改革开放进程中,1982年宪法成为国家与社会生活的重要内容,奠定了国家治理的正当性基础,确立了国家与社会的价值观与目标,推动了中国社会的发展与进步。1982年宪法为中国社会发展作出的重要贡献之一是通过宪法治理初步形成了社会共识,凝聚了民心,维护了国家统一与社会稳定。未来的宪法发展应当以宪法理念为本,重视宪法运行机制,以宪法意识处理国家和社会事务,通过宪法的发展推动国家社会的发展,维护人类和平与人的价值。     

民事证据客观全面收集原则质疑

一些法学著述把客观全面收集作为民事诉讼证据收集的原则或要求之一,这在人民法院主导证据收集的职权主义时期是不容置疑的。但是随着民事诉讼体制和模式的转型,在当今的我国司法实践中,证据收集已转变成当事人主导型。与此相适应,证据收集的原则也应有所调整,即从客观全面收集转换成收集必要证据的原则。否则,将因与时不合而令人生疑。     

谈社区民警如何做好群众工作

提高做群众工作的能力,是公安机关关注民生的具体体现,是上级领导机关对基层派出所的要求,也是社区民警做好社区警务工作的根本保证。当前,随着城乡社区警务工作的深入开展,切实提高社区民警做群众工作的能力,已经成为基层派出所一项重大而紧迫的任务和课题。     

究竟是什么决定经济发展?——论资源枯竭型城市的转型发展之道

资源、技术以及制度等因素都被认为是经济增长的源泉,该文通过回顾前人相关研究文献,认为优质的资源禀赋并非经济发展的必要条件。该文选取了日本及外国资源枯竭型城市作为研究样本,分别对其具体做法及成功转型经验加以归纳、分析,认为开源节流与因地制宜并重、产业多元化、产业结构升级等是成功转型的普遍做法。该文最后提出了相关的政策建议。     

言说的短路与表达的困境——公共行政的话语危机分析

当前社会频频发生的话语事件揭示了公共行政的话语危机。一方面,政府言说出现了广泛的短路现象,其表现是政府及其官员的言说缺位,不被信任,难于理解,伤害民众的情感;另一方面,公民表达也存在着许多困境,诸如不被倾听,得不到重视,效率很低等。行政话语危机的原因多种多样,主要与专制政治的历史惯性、权力与权利的不对称、表达能力的欠缺、双边互信的衰落以及官僚语言的特性等密切相关。超越行政话语的危机,要求从理念、制度、技术和技能等方面创造条件,建构和完善多元化的行政对话制度。     

从劳动法案例看德国的司法文化

司法的现代化是一个系统工程,其涉及到司法器物、制度、观念三个层次.而司法主体观念的现代化具有更重要的意义.有鉴于此,笔者考察了一些当前德国司法上的劳动法案例,来透视德国"活"的司法文化,以期通过这样的努力,给我国当前的司法文化建设以深刻启示.     

善意原则在WTO争端解决中的适用

善意原则不仅是国内法律制度中的一般法律原则,也是国际法律制度中的一般原则.善意原则构成了国际关系交往的基础.联合国宪章和条约法公约都规定了善意守约的原则.国际法院肯定善意原则的地位和作用.世界贸易组织争端解决程序中,善意原则得到了一定程度的适用.善意推定,善意解释条约,善意履行义务,善意行使权利,构成了善意原则的主要内容.但善意原则虽规范世界贸易组织协议,其本身却不能产生独立的义务,也不能替代现有的义务.违约并不等于非善意行事.合理、客观、公正、禁止滥用权利、正当程序等,都在一定程度上体现着善意要求.