Non-governmental organisations and the management of HIV and AIDS in refugee camps: A comparison of Marratane Camp in Mozambique and Kakuma Camp in Kenya

In recent years, a number of sub-Saharan African states appear to have placed restrictions on the operations of international non-governmental organisations (NGOs) within their state boundaries. Indeed, some commentators and academics have questioned the role NGOs should play in providing humanitarian aid to refugees and to what extent they are, or should be, involved in the political, cultural, economic and healthcare concerns and agendas of any state. However, the high HIV/AIDS prevalence in refugee camps in sub-Saharan Africa creates negative economic, social, political and security implications for their host states and many states lack the knowledge, experience and funds to manage the problem successfully. Within this context, this article examines and compares the role and effectiveness of two separate NGOs involved since 2001 in HIV/AIDS management programmes in two distinct refugee camps: Save the Children in Marratane Refugee Camp in Mozambique and the International Rescue Committee in Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya. NGO success in managing HIV/AIDS programmes is analysed according to UNHCR guidelines and specifically against four key aspects of HIVAIDS management; HIV/AIDS awareness, HIV/AIDS prevention, access to HIV healthcare services and the provision of treatment.     

Microcrystal analysis of cocaine hydrochloride and added adulterants

The objective of this project was to investigate the trends of changes in the crystal morphology of cocaine in the presence of the common adulterants, caffeine and lidocaine HCl. By performing gold chloride microcrystal tests on samples of cocaine with adulterants at 10, 20, and 50% concentrations, trends in the changes of the crystal morphology can be linked to specific adulterants and concentrations. For cocaine/caffeine mixtures, the trend is elongation of one axis, additional branching, and brown discoloration of the crystals. At 50:50 cocaine/caffeine mixtures, branched spherical crystals and long needles appear. The trends for cocaine/lidocaine mixtures include elongation of one axis with an X-shaped middle axis. The axes continue to grow and branching decreases until at 50%, spherical clusters of needles appear. These results indicate microcrystal analysis can be used as a novel method for presumptively identifying not only cocaine but also the identity and concentration of the adulterant.     

The Impact of Electoral Reform on the Public Service: The New Zealand Case

October 1996 marked the beginning of a new era in New Zealand politics, with the advent of a system of proportional representation based on the German model. This article explores the impact of electoral reform on the public service. First, it summarises the extensive public sector reforms during the mid-to-late 1980s and considers the preparations undertaken by the public service for proportional representation. Second, it outlines the concerns and expectations about the likely consequences of the new electoral system on the bureaucracy. Third, against this background, the article examines the extent to which the public service has been affected by electoral reform. It is argued that despite some notable changes to the political environment within which officials operate, the overall impact of proportional representation on the public service to date has been modest. The analysis presented here is based on a series of interviews conducted during 1997 with ministers, senior public servants, ministerial advisers and parliamentary officials, along with a range of secondary sources.     

The evolution of program budget ideas in Canada: Does Parliament benefit from Estimates reform?

Abstract: The article examines the federal Estimates budget from the perspective of whether or not the program format enhances democratic control. It introduces the idea of the budgetary system as a control in a generic management process, and then traces reforms in the accountability side of the Canadian federal government's central management system through the past twenty years. It concludes that the implementation of this version of PPBS was an error, and that it will be difficult to correct, because the budget design is embedded in the network of central institutions, which includes the Office of the Auditor General (OAG). A distinctive kind of “meta control” is now a characteristic of the federal context, and is not clearly managed by government from one decision centre. The author argues that the system does not serve Parliament. Instead it encourages bureaucratic or silent politics at several levels: inside departments; between departments and the OAG; and in an impkit system of elite accommodation between the OAG, central agencies and the government. Sommaire: Cet article analyse le récent budget de dépenses présenté au Parlement fédéral pour voir dans quelle mesure il permet d'accroître le contrôle démocratique. Il présente le système budgétaire comme un élément de contrôle dans un processus global de gestion, pour ensuite décrire les réformes ayant trait à l'imputabilité qui ont eu lieu dans le système de gestion centrale du gouvernement fédéral canadien depuis vingt ans. En conclusion, l'auteur explique que l'implantation de cette version de la rationalisation des choix budgétaires (RCB) était une erreur et que celle-ci sera difficile à corriger, étant donné que le processus budgétaire est noyé dans le réseau des institutions centrales, dont fait partie le Bureau du Vérificateur général (BVC). Le contexte fédéral se caractérise maintenant par une forme de meta-contrôle qui ne permet pas au gouvernement de gérer avec autoritéà partir d'un centre unique de décision. L'auteur soutient que le système ne sert pas le Parlement. Il encourage plutôt les politiques bureaucratiques ou les ententes tacites à différents niveaux, que ce soit à l'intérieur des ministères, entre les ministères et le BVC ou dans le cadre d'un système implicite de services rendus entre le BVG, les organismes centraux et le gouvernement.     

Post-Soviet Agricultural Employment: A Case Study of Employee Incentives in Krasnodar Territory,Russia

Addressed here is the question of rewards associated with agricultural employment on privatised state and collective farms in Russia. Drawing on qualitative field research with agricultural employees in Krasnodar Territory, the article demonstrates multiple benefits to agricultural employment. These include the expectation of stable, waged, often white-collar employment, with access to benefits such as pensions and annual leave, as well as opportunities for career advancement. Employees also identified the amenity value of rural life, and the importance of the village as a place of refuge. It is argued that these features are important to understanding employee resistance to private farming, and are indicative of an evolving culture of employment on large agricultural enterprises.     

Publication bias as a threat to the validity of meta-analytic results

This paper reviews the evidence in support of the contention that publication bias is a potential threat to the validity of meta-analytic results in criminology and similar fields. It then provides a critique of the traditional file drawer or failsafe N method for examining publication bias, and an overview of four newer methods that can be used to detect publication bias. These include two (trim and fill and cumulative meta-analysis) that enable the researcher to estimate the magnitude of the influence of publication bias on the overall mean effect size. Advantages and limitations of both traditional and newer methods are examined. The methods reviewed are illustrated through their application to a meta-analysis of the effects of drug courts on recidivism by Wilson et al. (Journal of Experimental Criminology, 2, 459–487, 2006).