The Verdict of Five out of Six Civil Jurors: Constitutional Problems

A criminal jury of fewer than 6 members and a jury in which 5 out of 6 can find a verdict were held unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court for failing to meet the requirements of due process as mandated by the Fourteenth Amendment. In four states—Michigan is one of them—the 5 out of 6 jury is the standard civil jury. Two questions are raised: first, whether such a jury violates the Michigan state constitution; second, whether such a 5 out of 6 civil jury violates the federal Constitutiton even though the civil jury is not protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.     

The 1982 transition in power in Saskatchewan: the Progressive Conservatives and the public service

Abstract: The 1982 assumption of power by the Conservative party in Saskatchewan provides material for an unusually interesting case study of the impact of a government transition on the public service, given the differences in ideology between the outgoing NDP and the incoming PC'S, the long tenure of the previous government and the lack of executive experience in the new administration. This article examines the two parties' views of the public service and crown corporations, the electoral campaign leading up to the transition, as well as the nature of the transition with respect to dismissals and structural changes in the bureaucracy. Reasons for these changes are assessed. It is argued that the political imperative - that is, the need to demonstrate that the new government is in control, and the related need to establish leverage over the bureaucracy — were the primary motives for the Devine government's actions. The 1982 Saskatchewan transition may mark the beginning of a trend away from the tradition of a neutral career public service in Canada. Sommaire. La prise du pouvoir par le Parti conservateur en Saskatchewan, en 1982, fournit le sujet d'une étude de cas fort intd?ressante sur les répercussions qu'entrainent, au niveau de la fonction publique, un changement de gouvernement. L'auteur situe son étude dans le contexte des différences idéologiques entre les Néo-Démocrates (qui ont perdu le pouvoir) et les Conservateurs (qui I'ont gagné), de la longue période durant laquelle les Néo-Démocrates ont gouverné la province et du manque d'expérience des nouveaux dirigeants dans le domaine de I'administration. L'auteur examine la position des dew partis sur la fonction publique et les sociétés d'État, la campagne électorale qui a précédé la transition gouvernementale, ainsi que la nature de cette transition du point de vue des licenciements et des changements structuraux apportés à l'appareil administratif. Il évalue les raisons de ces changements et avance que les impé ratifs politiques, dont la nécessité de montrer que le nouveau gouvemement est bien en charge et la volonté de faire preuve d'autorité sur les fonctionnaires, ont constitué la motivation principale des décisions prises par le gouvernement Devine. La transition qui a eu lieu en Saskatchewan en 1982 indique peut-être l'avènement d'une nouvelle tendance qui s'éloigne de la notion traditionnelle d'une fonction publique neutre au Canada.     

Electoral Politics and The Corporate System: The Question of Support*

Much analysis has pointed to the impact of interest organisations on policy-making. This paper focuses on the importance of interest organisations at the mass level. The sympathies of citizens for parties and interest organisations are compared, and it is shown (a) that organisations more often than parties are 'neutral objects'; for the citizens and (b) that most citizens — even members of the organisations — rate parties higher than they do interest organisations. Finally, it is shown that organisational membership only has a small impact on political views in a policy field (labour market relations), which should be highly relevant for the organisations. In sum, interest organisations have hardly at the mass level replaced parties as main objects of affection and orientation.     

Korean unification in light of the German experience

A well-known concept puts much hope on a desired gradual and reconciliatory unification of Korea. It disregards, however, that the base of unification lies in unity at the interconnected levels of the nation and of the state system, which would therefore require a systemic conversion in North Korea. This, however, cannot be achieved through evolutionary changes. Several internal reasons speak for a longer continuation of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK). Because the contrasting state systems of the Koreas are not reconcilable, they should decide for rapprochement through normalised interstate relations until a chance for a democratic get-together dawns.(Retired professor and former GDR ambassador to North Korea)     

Development of a harmonized method for the profiling of amphetamines. I. Synthesis of standards and compilation of analytical data

Reference material was synthesised for 21 substances that are frequently present as synthetic impurities, i.e. by-products, in illicitly produced amphetamine. Each of these substances is a typical by-product for at least one of the three approaches most often used to synthesise amphetamine, namely, the Leuckart, the reductive amination of benzyl methyl ketone, and the nitrostyrene routes. A large body of data on the substances was recorded, including the following: mass spectra, ultraviolet spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, infrared spectra in gas phase, and 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra.     

Academic Research In a Small Country: Called to Serve!

The literature on the interaction between research communities and policymaking processes comes mostly from scholars in large countries with hundreds if not thousands of people working on international environmental issues. In small countries like Belgium and The Netherlands, however, policy networks of academics and decision makers are quite small. Not only are there opportunities for academic researchers to influence policy decisions - there are high expectations that they do so.