Electoral Politics and The Corporate System: The Question of Support*

Much analysis has pointed to the impact of interest organisations on policy-making. This paper focuses on the importance of interest organisations at the mass level. The sympathies of citizens for parties and interest organisations are compared, and it is shown (a) that organisations more often than parties are 'neutral objects'; for the citizens and (b) that most citizens — even members of the organisations — rate parties higher than they do interest organisations. Finally, it is shown that organisational membership only has a small impact on political views in a policy field (labour market relations), which should be highly relevant for the organisations. In sum, interest organisations have hardly at the mass level replaced parties as main objects of affection and orientation.     

Party government in 20 Democracies: an update (1990–1995)

Abstract. The country tables of the data collection 'Political Data 1945–1990. Party Government in 20 Democracies' (European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 24, No. 1 (July 1993), pp. 1–119) are updated and corrected to the end of 1995. Errors and omissions on the level of separate Ministers and/or Ministries have been corrected as well. These are listed as 'changes/corrections' in the corresponding tables in the original data collection.     

The impact of the Scandinavian controversy about just taxation on public choice; a late homage to Einar Einarson

In the constitutional debate that has been encouraged by Public Choice theory, there has been repeated referenses to Knut Wicksell. The purpose of this article is to place the contribution of Wicksell on just taxation in a historical context. At the same time it is pointed at other contributions to the Scandinavian debate, in particular it is introduced the contribution of the Norwegian economist, Einar Einarson, that was written prior to Wicksell's celebrated treatise. Some recent research into the historical experience, referred to both by Einarson and Wicksell, of political decision making by consent is also presented. Firstly an overview of the debate is presented, then the contribution of Einarson and Wicksell is compared, and finally the implications of this Scandinavian controversy about just taxation on Public Choice theory is discussed. It is asked whether some recent interpretations of the constitutional content of Wicksell and the Scandinavian controversy about just taxation, are correct.     

The private and social value of information in majority decisions

The paper contrasts the value of information at the private level with the social value when all voters have access to information. A sequence of examples illustrates how the private and social value of information changes as the distribution of benefits and costs derived from a project varies across individuals and states of the world.     

Politics, Economics and the Measurement of Power

To what extent is political power fundamentally different from or, alternatively, comparable to economic power? While it is true that the basic institutions of democratic political life - the electoral arena and the sovereign representative assembly - differ from such capitalist economic institutions as the market and the joint-stock company, the logic of the power game which takes place in both settings is quite similar. In both institutions power will be a function of the capacity to enter decisive coalitions with other players: individuals, political parties, stockholders or groups of stockholders. Power indices may therefore be employed in order to reveal aspects of the strategic gaming that takes place both in representative assemblies and at yearly stockholders' meetings. This article discusses and compares various quantitative measures of voting power in the two kinds of voting bodies.     

A critique of the grand narrative of the Swedish model

ABSTRACT

Several historians have placed the roots of the Swedish model and the Swedish spirit of consensus back in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The present study is an attempt to problematize the image of Sweden as the homeland of consensus on earth. I argue that there is no specifically Swedish spirit of consensus. My thesis is that the Swedish model as manifested in the Saltsjöbaden Agreement of 1938 was the result of the political power relations that prevailed just then between the parties on the labour market. The thesis is pursued based on a study of developments in Sweden from the 1880s until 1938, that is, from the emergence of the socialist labour movement to the signing of the Saltsjöbaden Agreement. I show that conflict was the normal state on the labour market for several decades, and until the mid-1930s, Sweden was the country in the industrialized world with the most strikes. As regards democracy, Sweden was not a pioneer. Every step on the road to democracy was achieved through struggle. When Swedish history is presented as a history of consensus, it is an undervaluation of the efforts that many thousands of people expended in the struggle for civil rights.     

The Role of Government in Collective Bargaining: Scandinavia and the Low Countries

This article compares the role of government in collective bargaining in five small West European countries. For the period until the second half of the 1970s, a distinction is made between countries in which government often interfered in wage bargaining, e. g. Denmark and The Netherlands, and countries in which government refrained from intervention, like Sweden. Belgium and, to a lesser degree, Norway. In all countries the tradition of (non)-intervention had already started before the Second World War. The article reviews some explanatory variables: in Scandinavia centralization of labour relations is crucial, in the Low Countries the nature of political verzuiling . Recent developments show that government intervention has become a characteristic of labour relations in all but one country.     

The dynamics of European party systems

Nomination: Changing patterns of electoral volatility by Richard S. Katz, p.83
Nomination: To swing or not to swing by Hans Rattinger, p.86
Reflections: Dynamics of European party systems A catalyst for a discussion by Mogens N. Pedersen, p.93     

Das Leben als Gabe

In the last decade of his life, Talcott Parsons devoted a large part of his scholarly attention to the sociology of religion and to the history and symbolism of Christianity. This part of Parsons’s work has been almost completely neglected — both in the literature on Parsons and in the sociology of religion. In my interpretation, Parsons’s late systems-theoretical “human condition paradigm” is separated from his quasi-structuralist analyses of Jewish and Christian myths. The core of these myths is, according to Parsons, the idea of life as a gift. The article analyses the importance of this idea for (1) a sociological understanding of Christianity, (2) some aspects of contemporary moral theorizing, particularly the question how the Judeo-Christian tradition can be appropriated under the condition of highly developed autonomous individuality, and (3) the question of a latent Protestant bias in Parsons’s theory of social change.