A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INCENTIVES AND DIRECTIVES: THE CASE OF DUTCH WATER QUALITY POLICY

The use of effluent charges as an instrument o f regulatory policy has been the object of much dispute. The controversy between advocates and opponents of replacing directives by incentive strategies in various fields of public intervention has always been rather heated, though carried on more in terms of theory than of empirical evidence drawn from experience with policy instruments in actual operation. Much like permit trading in the United States, regulatory effluent charges in The Netherlands more or less "sneaked in through the back door." The Dutch system o f water quality charges had originally been designed to fulfill solely a revenue-raising function.
The unique features of The Netherlands system make it an interesting example of the use of charges. The Dutch system of effluent charges has been in operation since 1970 and, in terms of the level of the charges, is more than twice as large as the more recent German program. Furthermore its use as a regulatory instrument has been "accidental." It did not replace the official intervention strategy of direct regulation. Given this situation, the Dutch case provides a unique opportunity to examine the effects of these two approaches as they were applied to the same case.
Three statistical analyses of the impacts of the policy instrument used, supplemented by two expert assessments of these impacts, show the Dutch effluent charges have had a very remarkable effect on industrial polluters. In Holland, t h e water quality policy i s regarded as one of t h e few examples o f successful governmental intervention. The final section presents some general thoughts on relevance of the Dutch experience with effluent charges for other countries.     

Konkordanztheorie und Abstimmungsdaten: eine explorative Aggregatsanalyse auf Bezirksebene

Bei Überprüfung der Konkordanztheorie für die Schweiz stellt sich immer wieder das Problem, wie sich die Konfliktlinien zwischen den Sprachgruppen, Konfessionen, sozialen Schichten und Stadt‐Land in der bundesstaatlichen Geschichte seit 1848 tatsächlich entwickelt haben. Es bleibt unklar, wie sich die Intensität dieser Konfliktlinien und das Ausmass an Konkordanz wechselseitig beeinflusst haben. Stimmt die Vermutung, dass die Konfliktlinien an Bedeutung verloren haben und dass die schweizerische Gesellschaft insgesamt homogener geworden ist? War Konkordanz in diesem Prozess eher die Ursache oder die Folge verminderter Konfliktintensität? Regionalisierte Daten der Volksabstimmungen bieten zusammen mit weiteren Quellen der amtlichen Statistik reiches Material, um die Bedeutung von Sprache, Konfession, sozialer Schichtung und Stadt‐Land in der bundesstaatlichen Geschichte zu bestimmen. In explorativer Weise werden in diesem Aufsatz 51 Abstimmungen in der Zeitspanne von 1992 bis 1997 auf der Basis von Aggregatdaten auf der Bezirksebene untersucht. Die Studie dient der Entwicklung eines geeigneten Modells, das in einer späteren Längsschnittanalyse auf alle eidgenössischen Abstimmungen angewendet werden soll.     

The Council of Europe Laundering Convention: A recent example of a developing international criminal law

Conclusion With the Laundering Convention, the Council of Europe has contributed once again to the development of the international criminal law and to the promotion of international criminal law cooperation. The Council has shown that it is possible to elaborate a complex, highly technical convention within a period of less than a year so long as the political will exists. It is now a matter for the individual member states and other states to sign, if they have not done so, or to ratify, if they have already signed the convention. The future of the Laundering Convention lies in the hands of those states that have responsibility for its application. An efficient tool for international criminal law cooperation has been created-it must now be used.This is a revised version of a paper presented at an international workshop on Principles and Procedures for a New Transnational Criminal Law, organized jointly by the Society for the Reform of Criminal Law and the Max-Planck-Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, Freiburg, Germany, May 21–25, 1991. The opinions expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Council of Europe.Juris kandidat, Uppsala University 1979. The author was Secretary to the Council of Europe expert committee that elaborated the Laundering Convention.     

The Nordic–Baltic Area: Divisive Geopolitics at Work

States in the Nordic–Baltic area reacted heterogeneously to the Iraq War operation: Denmark chose to participate; Iceland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania supported the operation diplomatically or materially; whereas Norway, Finland and Sweden were negative. The research tool used to explain this pattern is the parsimonious theory of ‘past and present geopolitics’, taking issue with systemic neorealism, primarily. In spite of official rhetoric emphasizing Baghdad or New York (the UN), states’ driving forces were mainly found in their different salient environments. The primary explanation, proximate power balancing, was at work regarding Denmark, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Iceland, with no big neighbour, could enjoy profit bandwagoning, while Sweden and Finland followed ‘standard operating procedures’. A minor aberration from expectations is noted regarding Finland: its EU balancing rather than US balancing of Russia. The Norwegian ‘no’ and Danish warfare were both an expression of geopolitical freedom of manoeuvre.     

Eine Gesellschaft von Unternehmern

The traditional view of entrepreneurs as persons exhibiting exceptional initiative and willingness to take risks, who achieve considerable economic success by being innovative in markets, is challenged in this paper. A broader definition of the concept will be introduced: Entrepreneurs are profit-seeking sellers of commodities on markets. According to this conception, a society of entrepreneurs refers to a society in which potentially every member throughout his or her life, time and again, faces the need to act as an entrepreneur. The paper will start by clarifying the concept of entrepreneurship and distinguishing various forms of its manifestation. The second part provides an interpretation of change in entrepreneurship based on the thesis of its expansion and ?profanation“: Expanding entrepreneurship within organizations – downward and inward – in form of projects and in context of permanent organizational change is of crucial significance in this respect. The ?profanation“ (and normalization) of entrepreneurial action becomes manifest in the context of project structures where employees at all levels are expected to bring forth innovative resource combinations. The process of ?creative destruction“ (Schumpeter) is inwardly directed, thus challenging the prevailing understanding of organizations. Finally, the cultural conditions underlying such a development of entrepreneurship are discussed. Resulting behavior uncertainties and coordination problems raise the question of how project-type entrepreneurship might be integrated into existing organization structures.     

Correction to: Economic growth and political extremism

Public Choice - We provide the first parcel-level, time-series empirical analysis of municipal annexation behavior. We also exploit a unique natural experiment created by the incorporation and...