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Bargaining Power in the European Union: An Evaluation of Competing Game-Theoretic Models 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article evaluates, by drawing on Barry's distinction between 'power' and 'luck', the predictive accuracy of competing bargaining models. We explore whether models that take various facets of political power into account predict legislative outcomes more precisely than purely preference-based models like the Nash Bargaining Solution (NBS). Our empirical examination compares how well different formal models predict the outcome of 66 legislative decisions made within the European Union (EU). A model that considers the saliency actors attach to a contested issue performs best among all the models under examination. Although resource-based models provide less accurate forecasts on average, they offer relatively precise point predictions. The analysis also shows that domestic constraints are not a particularly important bargaining resource in legislative decision making. 相似文献
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The purpose of this article is fivefold: First, we demonstrate the potential and importance of central auditing in Austria in section 2.1 before identifying the causes of public-sector inefficiency in section 2.2. Then we outline the organizational structure in section 3 and describe the need for return in section 4. We develop proposals for improving the central auditing system in section 5. In so doing, we endeavor not to succumb to the pervasive influence of the well-established, yet objectionable Austrian status quo, realizing that our proposals may be rejected by politicians and bureaucrats as being unrealistic. 相似文献
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Ann Imlah Schneider 《国际研究展望》2004,5(3):316-320
Editor's Introduction : The following excerpted report discusses the interaction of the international studies field and teacher education programs at colleges and universities around the country. The reform of teacher education in whatever substantive area is a topic at the forefront of initiatives from the federal government in Washington, DC, as well as ones from private foundations. One such initiative has recently been launched by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and is called Teachers for a New Era (TNE). Linking 11 universities across the country, TNE can be viewed as an innovative attempt to better integrate the content education provided by colleges of arts and sciences with the pedagogical knowledge resident in schools of education. The ultimate aim is to impact student learning by producing better classroom teachers nation-wide. The following article engages many of these same topics as they relate to the international studies education. The Editors hope that you will find the article thought-provoking, and we invite comments and responses from members of the ISA community. 相似文献
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David W. Gjertson Charles H. Brenner Max P. Baur Angel Carracedo Francois Guidet Juan A. Luque Rüdiger Lessig Wolfgang R. Mayr Vince L. Pascali Mechthild Prinz Peter M. Schneider Niels Morling 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2007,1(3-4):223-231
The Paternity Testing Commission (PTC) of the International Society for Forensic Genetics has taken up the task of establishing the biostatistical recommendations in accordance with the ISO 17025 standards and a previous set of ISFG recommendations specific to the genetic investigations in paternity cases. In the initial set, the PTC recommended that biostatistical evaluations of paternity are based on a likelihood ratio principle – yielding the paternity index, PI. Here, we have made five supplementary biostatistical recommendations. The first recommendation clarifies and defines basic concepts of genetic hypotheses and calculation concerns needed to produce valid PIs. The second and third recommendations address issues associated with population genetics (allele probabilities, Y-chromosome markers, mtDNA, and population substructuring) and special circumstances (deficiency/reconstruction and immigration cases), respectively. The fourth recommendation considers strategies regarding genetic evidence against paternity. The fifth recommendation covers necessary documentation, reporting details and assumptions underlying calculations. The PTC strongly suggests that these recommendations should be adopted by all laboratories involved in paternity testing as the basis for their biostatistical analysis. 相似文献
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How should lawyers negotiate? This article outlines an empirical study of how lawyers rate each other in negotiation behaviors. After discussing what skills are needed for effective negotiation behavior, we then look more closely at how family lawyers in particular are negotiating. Examining some troubling data, we find that family lawyers appear to be more adversarial and less problem solving than other types of practitioners. We conclude by discussing why this might be so and what the family law bar and family law professors should be doing in the future to address this problem. 相似文献
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From 1.4. -30.10.1982 all heroin samples weighing more than 5 g seized in the States of Baden-Württemberg, Hesse and by the Bundeskriminalamt were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography during a pilot project. For comparison of samples ratios of concentrations of heroin (including its decomposition products 0(6)-acetylmorphine and morphine) and its natural by-products of synthesis acetylcodeine, papaverine, and narcotine (noscapine) were determined. The application of these parameters and further qualitative and quantitative criteria for heroin comparison for investigative and legal purposes are discussed. 相似文献