Estimation of age from epiphyseal union at the wrist and ankle joints in the capital city of India

Various studies conducted in and outside India for estimation of age from long bone joints revealed that unlike other vital parameters no uniform pattern exists for epiphyseal union of long bones in different countries of the world and also in different parts of the same country. A radiological study was conducted in 180 boys and girls of the capital city of India, Delhi, between the age group of 14-20 years to find out the age at which epiphyseal union at wrist and ankle joint takes place. The result of the study showed that the wrist joint epiphyseal union is completed in all cases in the age group of 19-20 years in males and 18-19 years in females. In the ankle joint, 17-18 years was the age group in males and 16-17 years the age group in females which showed complete epiphyseal union in all cases.     

In- and out-flows of elements in bones embedded in reference soils

Possible exchanges of elements between bone and the surrounding soil after being embedded underground for 2 years were estimated. Bone pieces were samples from human vertebrae without any treatments after resection. Sixteen elements were determined by atomic emission mass spectrometry. These were divided into three types; Type I, an in-flow in which elements increased, as in Fe, Al and Ba; type II, a balanced decrease in which changes were found in S, Mg and Zn; and type III, an out-flow in which elements, such as Ca and P, entered into bones from embedded soils. These exchanges depended on the varying nature of soils and also on the time underground. The exchanges were progressed in duration of the time after burial. Data obtained are possible references to judge the time-lapse after burial of bones in relating to characters of soils embedded, and to identify proper bone elements from containment elements.     

Handedness identification from intertubercular sulcus of the humerus by discriminant function analysis

The accurate determination of skeletal handedness is a critical requirement in physical anthropology and forensic science. To differentiate handedness, discriminant function analysis is applied using the parameters of right and left intertubercular sulci. A total of 200 matched unpaired adult humeri (100 right and 100 left), collected from the Department of Anatomy, were used to measure four parameters of the intertubercular sulcus namely, width (X1), depth (X2), angle of medial wall (X3) and angle of lateral wall (X4) and to note the presence of supratubercular ridge of Meyer (X5). The discriminant function obtained with the significant variables, angle of medial wall (X3), angle of lateral wall (X4) and presence of the supratubercular Meyer (X5) is: Y = 0.093X3 + 0.056X4 + 0.775X5 - 13.46. The accuracy of correct classification using the discriminant function is 89% which is the best starting point for handedness determination approach. The methodology of using discriminant function can be crucial for medicolegal jurisprudence.     

Marriage change in rural India, 1921-1981.

"In the early twentieth century, marriage age of both sexes in India was unusually low, even by the standards of other Asian societies of the era. Although early marriage in the form of child marriage occurred throughout the Indian subcontinent, there were regional differences in the extent of the practice. The article examines influences on the marriage market from the early through the late twentieth century and the changes that have occurred within that time frame. Early on, the peasant marriage regime was regulated more by social and demographic factors, while subsequent changes reflected the growing importance of economics and considerable regional diversity."     

The future of western Canada: economic,social, and political

Abstract. Western Canada is generally regarded as consisting of the three prairie provinces and British Columbia. It is a region that is very sensitive to technological and economic trends. Regional social and political adjustments result from these trends, and since Canada is a federation the political decisions are divided between the federal government and each of the four constituent provinces. This leads to frictions between the governments, especially with regard to energy policies, natural resource use, transportation costs, and the location of secondary industries. The economy of western Canada is mainly extractive, and the products are subject to many price and output fluctuations which are very difficult to control by public policies. Nevertheless, the region has experienced substantial economic growth since the thirties at a rate comparable to that of all Canada, and the region should continue to grow at least in pace with Canada in future decades, with the highest growth rates in Alberta and British Columbia. Much will depend upon the continuation of a high level of investment financed in large part by external savings, involving much foreign ownership. Urbanization has proceeded rapidly in western Canada, accompanied by many social adjustments. The public sector has expanded markedly, and further relative growth is envisaged. Throughout the years the region has sent large contingents of opposition members to Ottawa, regardless of the party in power. This alienation is greatest in Alberta and least in Manitoba. Separation is alive in the region, patricularly in Alberta, where much larger petroleum revenues would be obtainable if separation occurred. Federal-provincial tensions involving western Canada will intensify in the future, calling for continuous negotiations and constitutional jurisdictional judgements. Sommaire. On considère généralement que les trois provinces des Prairies et la Colombie-britannique constituent l'Ouest du Canada. C'est une région très sensible aux mouvements technologiques et économiques. Les ajustements régionaux - sociaux et économiques - sont le résultat de ces tendances, et comme le Canada est une fédération, les décisions politiques se trouvent partagées entre le gouvernenient fédéral et chacune des quatre provinces de l'Ouest. Ceci donne lieu à des frictions entre gouvernements, surtout lorsqu'il s'agit des politiques énergétiques, de l'usage des ressources naturelles, des coûlts de transport et de l'emplacement des industries secondaires. L'économie de l'Ouest du Canada est surtout extractive et ses produits sont sujets à toutes sortes de fluctuations de prix et d'apports que les politiques publiques ont beaucoup de peine à réglementer. La région a connu, cependant, une croissance économique significative depuis les années 30, à un taux comparable à celui de tout le Canada et la région devrait continuer à croître au moins au même rythme que le reste du Canada dans les décennies à venir, avec les taux de croissance les plus élevés en Alberta et en Colombie-britannique. Cela dépendra beaucoup de la continuation du volume élevé d'investissements, financés en grande partie par de l'épargne provenant de l'extérieur de la province et avec une grande participation étrangère. L'urbanisation a été rapide dans l'Ouest du Canada, ce qui a demandé de nombreux ajustements sociaux. Le secteur public a connu une grande expansion et l'on s'attend encore à une croissance relative. Au cours des années, la région a envoyéà Ottawa des contingents importants de députés de l'opposition, quel qu'ait été le parti au pouvoir. C'est en Alberta que l'aliénation est la plus grande, alors qu'elle est à son minimùm au Manitoba. Le séparatisme existe dans la région, en particulier en Alberta où il serait possible d'augmenter considérablement les revenus provenant du pétrole si la Province était indépendante. Les tensions fédérales-provinciales concernant l'Ouest du Canada ne feront qu'augmenter à l'avenir, ce qui exigera des négociations continues et des jugements constitutionnels sur des questions de juridiction.