Self-Control and Crime/Deviance: Cognitive vs. Behavioral Measures

Using survey data, various measures of self-control, based respectively on cognitive and behavioral indicators, are compared in their ability to predict eight measures of crime/deviance. The results show that either type of measure produces supportive evidence for the theory, and the behavioral measures provide no better prediction than do the cognitive measures. Unlike cognitive type indicators, and contrary to the implications of the theory, different types of crime-analogous, imprudent behaviors are not highly interrelated, making it difficult to develop reliable behavioral measures. These results suggest that general support for self-control theory would likely not be any greater if all researchers had used behaviorally based measures, as recommended by the authors of the theory. Improving the level of prediction to the point where self-control could claim to be the master variable, as envisioned by its proponents, does not seem to rest on a shift to behaviorally based measures. Instead, improvements in the theory itself, particularly the incorporation of contingencies, appears to offer more promise.     

Corporations, collective action and corporate governance: One size does not fit all

A review of the theory and evidence on corporate governance indicates several related themes. First, corporate governance is multidimensional. Second, corporate governance is an endogenous response to a firm’s economic environment. Third, the role of different governance mechanisms varies across industries. New analysis of a sample of 1235 US corporations from 40 different industries in the year 2000 confirms the empirical regularities reported in prior research. The central policy implication of the prior research and new supporting evidence is that one size does not fit all in corporate governance.     

合同理论的丰富性

导论:合同学术的代际转换 当我在大学讲授诚信履约原则的时候,我安排了两位著名的合同法学者--罗伯特·萨默斯(Robert Summers)和史蒂文·伯顿(Steven Burton)进行了一场学术交流,这就是人们后来所了解的"萨默斯--伯顿"争论.     

Alcohol use in male spouse abusers and their female partners

Patterns of alcohol use of 181 maritally violent and maritally nonviolent men and their female partners differed on subscales of the Quantity-Frequency Index. Two abuser groups (43 uncounseled and 46 counseled) drank significantly greater amounts and for different psychological reasons than two nonabuser groups (50 satisfactorily married and 42 discordant). However, group frequency rates did not vary. The abuser groups had experienced and observed significantly more violence during childhood than the nonabuser groups; further, they reported significantly more current life stress. The female partners of the abusers did not differ in global alcohol use; however, they drank substantially more than their counterparts. They were especially prone to drink in response to battering. About one fourth of the abusers and one fifth of their wives drank frequently during abusive episodes. Stressors and depressors most likely precipitated both drinking and battering, with strain, hostility, and alcohol myopia (altered perception) serving as intervening variables. Results clarify contradictory reports concerning the role of alcohol in family violence.     

An applied technology transfer process

The applied technology transfer process is a communication process based on planning, marketing, and training. Planning is the single most important element, while pre-planning is also essential. The marketing part of applied technology transfer involves an in-depth knowledge of both consumers and products. A sound knowledge of media is also essential. The marketing step is the key delivery or transfer element. Applied technology transfer is a system that requires skills such as management and communication techniques which can be learned in traditional academic courses. However, other skills such as applied human relations are more easily learned under a supervised workshop approach. More complex technology transfer systems require additional training on a continuing education basis. The development of technology transfer learning centers can also be useful. Applied technology transfer is a research investment rather than a cost. It is the technology transfer process that insures the timely application of research effort. Research pay-off is derived from use of research products. Thus, applied technology transfer represents research delivery insurance.