冲突与调适：民族地区农村刑事法治中的国家法与民间法——“民族地区农村刑事法治与和谐社会的构建”系列研究之一

刑事法治是构建和谐社会的有力保障.在民族地区农村刑事法领域中,民间法与国家法无论在实体法方面还是程序法方面,都存在着冲突,要充分发挥刑事法治在民族地区农村和谐社会构建中的作用,必须正视和正确调适这种冲突.     

日本对中亚的势力渗透与中国的战略选择

冷战后,出于能源和地缘政治利益的考量,日本不断加大向中亚国家的势力渗透力度,并以此作为配合美国经略中亚和牵制中俄的砝码。面对日本的战略包围态势,中国应在继续提升与中亚国家传统友好关系基础上,不断深化与中亚的区域经济合作层次,积极探索旨在打击“三股势力”的安全合作模式,并推动人文领域的交流与合作,维护我国西北边陲安全。     

美国与利比亚关系正常化原因分析

今年5月15日,美国决定全面恢复与利比亚的外交关系。美国此举的战略考虑主要有3个方面:希望对朝鲜和伊朗等国家形成示范效应;藉此加强对利比亚以及其他中东、非洲产油国的控制;希望构建一条从加勒比海沿岸经北非、中亚一直到南亚、东南亚和朝鲜半岛的全球反恐战略基地链,加强美国在这些地区的军事存在。利比亚则可藉此进一步融入国际社会,摆脱长期以来的外交孤立状态,同时提升本国在国际上,尤其是在中东、非洲地区的地位和影响力;巩固和加快国内政治、经济改革的步伐,为石油经济的快速发展注入新动力。由于美利两国交恶长达数十载,两国间的前嫌难以在短期内冰释。     

安全合作中的东盟和上海合作组织的比较分析

2001年在美国发生“9·11”事件后,各国和各地区逐渐认识到,安全不再是单一的安全、单边的安全,安全在全球化的条件下已经衍生为合作的安全。冷战结束后,国际社会存在两种安全观:一种是以霸权主义、强权政治为特征,以对抗、结盟、干涉为表现形式的传统安全观;另一种是以共同利益为基础、以互相信任为纽带,以不针对第三方为特征,以合作、对话、开放为表现形式的新型安全观①。东盟和上海合作组织所倡导的就是这种新型的安全观。这两个地区性的国际组织都重视在安全领域的合作,同时,它们在安全领域的合作中既有相同点又有不同点。本文主要从三…     

细胞因子(IL-6、TNF-α)在损伤时间中原位杂交法研究

采用原位杂交法，研究大鼠切削皮肤中细胞团子IL－6、TNF－αmRNA表达量，旨在探讨IL－6、TNF－α推断法医损伤时间的应用价值以及其在损伤生活反应中的分子机制。研究结果表明，根据大鼠损伤皮肤中TNF－αmRNA表达量能够区别生前伤与死后伤，并可以利用TNF－αmRNA表达量改变准确区别60min内和60min后损伤时间，但IL－6mRNA表达量在研究组内均未见阳性反应，不能推断损伤时间。     

降解生物检材遗传标记检测的研究进展

降解生物检材遗传标记的检测一直是法医学实践和科研的难点。虽然PCR-STR分析技术能在一定程度上检测降解生物检材的遗传标记,但是对于某些高度降解的生物检材如骨骼、牙齿等的PCR-STR分型仍旧十分困难,存在不稳定性和分型异常现象。本文就近几年来PCR-STR分型技术在降解生物检材的法医实践中出现的问题和解决方法作一综述。     

大鼠脑挫伤后巢蛋白表达与脑挫伤经过时间的关系

目的观察大鼠脑挫伤后不同时间内巢蛋白(nestin)蛋白表达的变化,探讨其与脑损伤经过时间的关系。方法利用自由落体撞击大鼠脑挫伤模型,在脑挫伤后不同时间(0.5,6,12h和1,3,7,14,28d)观察nestin蛋白在伤侧皮质、海马齿状回及胼胝体表达情况。结果伤后0.5h伤侧皮质、海马齿状回及胼胝体nestin阳性细胞表达开始增强,7d达高峰,以后逐渐下降,28d伤侧皮质、海马齿状回恢复至正常组水平,伤侧胼胝体在伤后28d仍有弱表达。结论nestin免疫组化染色可以作为法医学推断早期脑损伤时间的指标之一;nestin可作为判断脑损伤是否存在及区分生前和死后脑损伤的标志。     

论法治政府与“宪政中国”之构建

法治政府是一种以良法统治为要义、以行政权规制为基本原则、以公民权利保障为根本目的的政府模式,它对宪政具有极为重要的意义,是宪政的题中应有之义,是宪政的基本精神,是宪政的重要保障."宪政中国"之构建必须以法治政府建设为关键与核心,坚持以人为本的理念,全面推进依法行政,进一步转变政府职能,优化政府决策,强化政府责任.     

消逝的儿童文化--传统儿童游戏引发的儿童文化思考

理论表述与实际形态之间的错位,使得我们平常所说的"儿童文化"实际上是一种"代言叙述".儿童在其中担任创造主体的"幻想式"角色游戏的存在使我们有理由相信儿童文化不仅包含了关于儿童的、为儿童的文化,更应该包含儿童创造的文化.但是这种本体形态的儿童文化正逐渐淡出我们的视线.这折射出在我们的时代,儿童并没有被看成是他们自己的生活和童年时代的最重要的贡献者.     

Application of HLA-DRB1 genotyping by oligonucleotide micro-array technology in forensic medicine

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is known to be the most complex polymorphic system in the human genome. Among all of the HLA loci, HLA-DRB1 has the second largest number of alleles. The purpose of this study is to develop an oligonucleotide micro-array based HLA-DRB1 typing system for use in forensic identification, anthropology, tissue transplantation, and other genetic research fields. The system was developed by analyzing the HLA-DRB1 (DRB1) genotypes in 1198 unrelated healthy Chinese Han individuals originating from various parts of China and residing in Shanghai, China. METHOD: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with the oligonucleotide micro-array technology was used to detect and type HLA-DRB1 alleles of the sample individuals. The reliability, sensitivity, consistency and specificity were evaluated for use in forensic identification. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was carried out by comparing the allele frequencies of the HLA-DRB1 locus with those of other Chinese Han groups, Chinese minorities and other ethnic populations. RESULTS: All the DNA samples yielded a 273 bp amplification product, with no other amplification products in this length range. The minimum quantity of DNA detected by this method is 15 ng in a PCR reaction system of 25 microl. The population studied appeared to be not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), expected probability of exclusion (PE), polymorphic information content (PIC), and discrimination power (DP) of the HLA-DRB1 locus from the Shanghai Han ethnic group were evaluated to be 0.8022, 0.8870, 0.7741, 0.8771, 0.9750, respectively. A total of 25 HLA-DRB1 alleles were identified. HLA-DRB1*09XX, *04XX, *12XX and *15XX were the most frequent DRB1 alleles, which were observed in 58.76% of the sample. One hundred and sixteen genotypes were found. The five most frequent genotypes were: *04XX/*04XX (0.0626), *09XX/*09XX (0.0593), *04XX/*09XX (0.0551), *09XX/*15XX (0.0384) and *08XX/*12XX (0.0351). The meta-analysis showed that there were uniquely distributed features of DRB1 alleles among various ethnic populations and among the studied population groups from various regions with the same ethnic origin. CONCLUSIONS: An HLA-DRB1 genotyping system has been developed and established based on the oligonucleotide micro-array technology. The HLA-DRB1 typing of the Han population in Shanghai has revealed a relatively high heterogeneity. Information obtained in this study will be useful for medical and forensic applications as well as in anthropology research. Large-scale micro-array detection is highly accurate and reliable for DNA-based HLA-DRB1 genotyping. These results suggest that HLA-DRB1 DNA polymorphisms and the database of the Shanghai Han group have useful applications in processing forensic casework (as personal identification, paternity test), tracing population migration and genetic diagnosis.