美元霸权的困境及其走向

20世纪下半叶以来"美元世纪"之说之所以日渐盛行,多半因为当今国际金融体系的许多规则及制度的制定都与作为一种世界货币的美元密切相关。冷战结束后,支持美元滥发的经济基本面已不复存在,当世界其他国家再也无法忍受美国的过度透支行为而不再愿意借钱给美国并开始放弃使用美元时,美元的信用就会发生严重危机,进而可能导致金融市场崩溃和商品价格快速上涨,动摇美元的世界中心货币地位,引发美国经济霸权地位的衰落。与此同时,正在形成之中的美、欧、亚三足鼎立的国际货币格局预示着国际金融权力正从"霸权"结构向"均势"结构变革。     

计算机软件用户界面是否构成“作品”

一、[基本案情] 原告北京某软件公司诉称,被告上海某软件公司开发的B软件,几乎全部抄袭了原告A软件独创的用户界面,侵害了原告所享有的著作权。遂要求被告停止侵权、赔偿损失、赔礼道歉。被告辩称,用户界面并非我国《著作权法》所称作品, 不应获得我国《著作权法》的保护。原、被告两软件的用户界面亦不完全相同。故请求驳回原告的诉讼请求。     

Use of subpopulation data in Australian forensic DNA casework

DNA profiling evidence presented in court should be accompanied by a reliable estimate of its evidential weight. In calculating such statistics, allele frequencies from commonly employed autosomal microsatellite loci are required. These allele frequencies should be collected at a level that appropriately represents the genetic diversity that exists in the population. Typically this occurs at broadly defined bio-geographic categories, such as Caucasian or Asian. Datasets are commonly administered at the jurisdictional level. This paper focuses on Australian jurisdictions and assesses whether this current practice is appropriate for Aboriginal Australian and Caucasian populations alike. In keeping with other studies we observe negligible differences between Caucasian populations within Australia when segregated geographically. However segregation of Aboriginal Australian population data along contemporary State and Territory lines appears to mask the diversity that exists within this subpopulation. For this reason datasets collated along more traditional lines may be more appropriate, particularly to distinguish the most genetically differentiated populations residing in the north of the continent.     

减刑制度的价值分析及其改革思路

减刑制度存在一定的缺点,但是其具有的避免刑罚过剩、稳定监管秩序、促进罪犯自新、节约司法资源等价值却不容置疑。减刑制度的标准存在一定的模糊性、没有针对不同种类的罪犯设定不同的标准因而缺乏针对性、绝对减刑标准与人身危险性因素相脱离存在较大的弊病,应针对此进行相应的制度革新。     

Sensitive and specific quantification of human genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in forensic science specimens: casework examples.

We describe the forensic science application of a method for quantification of human genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The two cases cited in this report involve DNA samples extracted from skin tissue and bloodstained clothing recovered from different crime scenes. High-molecular-weight DNA was recovered from both specimens, and the concentrations of these DNAs were estimated to be approximately 0.5 microgram/microL by ethidium bromide/agarose gel electrophoresis. Using the human-specific DNA probe p17H8 (locus D17Z1) to quantify the amount of human genomic DNA in these samples, it is shown that less than 1% of the DNA isolated from the skin tissue is of human origin and that the DNA isolated from the bloodstained clothing is effectively devoid of human DNA sequences. These case examples illustrate the need to quantify not only the total amount of DNA recovered from forensic casework material, but also the proportion of the DNA that is of human origin.     

Applications of isoelectric focusing in forensic serology

The typing of certain polymorphic proteins present in human body fluids is an important aspect of the analysis of serological evidence. This is particularly true when dealing with evidence related to violent criminal activity such as homocide, assault, or rape. Until recently, the routine analysis of the genetic polymorphisms of interest relied upon conventional electrophoretic techniques such as horizontal starch or agarose slab gel or both, cellulose acetate, and vertical polyacrylamide gradient gel methods. These techniques adequately separate a limited number of common variants. In some cases, these methods are still those of choice. However, as a result of the nature of the conventional approach, problems with time required for analysis, resolution, diffusion of bands, sensitivity of protein detection, and cost are often encountered. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) offers an effective alternative to conventional electrophoresis for genetic marker typing. This method exploits the isoelectric point of allelic products rather than charge-to-mass ratio in a particular pH environment. The advantages of employing IEF include: reduction of time of analysis, increased resolution of protein bands, the possibility of subtyping existing phenotypes, increased sensitivity of detection, the counteraction of diffusion effects, and reduced cost per sample.     

A survey of the incidence of missing anterior teeth: potential value in bite mark analysis.

Bite mark analysis involves comparison of individual dental characteristics between a dentition and the bite injury. A bite mark injury may result from sexual assault, or physical assault, and defensive injuries, and as such can be used to link a suspect to a victim or vice versa. Missing teeth are one of the characteristics that could implicate or exclude a suspected biter. However frequency data for use by forensic odontologists can only be collated from epidemiological studies. Therefore an audit was undertaken of missing anterior teeth in adult patients (n = 1010) attending for treatment, gathering data that could be more relevant to odontology. One in five of the sample presented with missing teeth that were either replaced with a denture (11%), not replaced (6%) or missing with the gap closed (2%).     

Sexual asphyxia in siblings

We present an accidental autoerotic asphyxiation of a 24-year-old man. Further investigation revealed that 18 years earlier, his brother, then 13, had been found dead, hanging in the family bathroom. Although that death had been ruled a suicide, reevaluation of the death scene indicates that this was also an autoerotic asphyxiation. This is the first reported case of sexual asphyxia involving siblings.