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211.
Donald?R.?LynamEmail author Joshua?D.?Miller 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2004,20(4):319-341
The importance of the relation between impulsivity and deviance is well-acknowledged among criminologists. However, differences in the representations of impulsivity, some merely titular and others substantive, may cloud our understanding of these relations. The current study examines the argument, offered by Whiteside and Lynam Pers. Individuals Diff. (2000) 30: 669–689, that there may be four distinct personality pathways through which impulsive behavior may be manifested. Across three samples (two undergraduate, one community), we examine the validity of a four-factor structure of impulsivity, test whether these four pathways manifest divergent relations with various forms of deviant behavior such as crime and substance use, as well as laboratory manifestations of aggressive and impulsive behavior, and examine the invariance of these results across gender. The results support the existence of a four-factor model of impulsivity, the importance of two specific personality pathways in relation to self-reports of deviance (lack of premeditation and sensation seeking), as well as actual behavior, and suggest that these pathways are important for both men and women. 相似文献
212.
Police officers are the only professionals mandated by society to use discretionary coercive physical force as a necessary
component of fulfilling their duty to maintain public safety and uphold the law. If community policing is to prevail as an
effective and credible style of law enforcement, the legitimate use of competent police authority will continue to be a vital
issue. This article analyzes the types of officer problems and problem officers that can harm community policing efforts.
These include (1) individual factors, such as attitudes, personality traits, and psychological disorders; (2) police-citizen
interaction factors, such as interpersonal dynamics and community attitudes; and (3) organizational factors, such as training
and supervision, departmental philosophy, and the “cop culture.” The article then offers practical strategies for improving
officer performance, including (1) selection and screening of officers; (2) training and supervision; (3) fitnessfor-duty
evaluations; (4) effective supervision and discipline; (5) coaching and counseling strategies; and (6) the most productive
use of psychological services. Throughout this discussion, the concept of the police officer as a law enforcement professional
is emphasized as essential for guiding public safety policy into the 21st century. 相似文献
213.
Pekka?SanttilaEmail author Katarina?Fritzon Anna?Lena?Tamelander 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2004,19(1):1-16
The present study investigated the possibility of statistically linking arson cases based on consistency of behaviors from
one crime scente to another. Serial and spree arson cases were studied to differentiate underlying themes and to link cases
committed by the same offender. The material consisted of 248 arson cases which formed 42 series of arsons. A content analysis
using 45 dichotomous variables was carried out and principal compnents (PCA) analysis was performed to identify underlying
themes. Summary scores reflecting the themes were calculated. Linking effectiveness was tested with a discriminant analysis
using the summary scores. The PCA analysis was successful and underlying themes which were in accordance with previous studies
could be identified. Six factors were retained, in the PCA. The linking of the arson cases was possible to a satisfactory
level: 33% of the cases could be correctly linked and for over 50% of the cases, the series they actually belonged to was
among the ten series identified as most probable on the basis of the linking analysis. From a practical point of view, the
results could be used as a basis for developing support systems for police investigations of arson.
This research was financially supported by the Finnish Ministry of Interior and by Grant 54456 from the Academy of Finland. 相似文献
214.
Robert?D.?DavisEmail author Cary?D.?Rostow James?B.?Pinkston Dennis?R.?Combs Dennis?R.?Dixon 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2004,19(1):17-26
This study reports an analysis of Bartol's (1991) Immaturity Index and Hargrave and associates' (1988) Aggressiveness Index
as a measure of police conduct. The correlations between the supervisory ratings and the Immaturity and Aggressiveness indices
were examined for 1020 law enforcement officers. The results showed that Immaturity Index was related to termination for failure
to complete training and insubordination. The Aggressiveness Index was related to a termination for failure to complete training
and several other problematic police behaviors, but was not found to be specifically linked with acts of aggression. Implications
for using these two indices in law enforcement selection are discussed.
Authors' Note: Cary Rostow, Ph.D. is president of Matrix, Inc., Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and is in private practice in Baton Rouge. Robert
Davis, Ph.D., is executive vice-president and director of science, research, and development for Matrix, Inc., and has a private
practice in Baton Rouge. James B. Pinston, Ph.D., is a clinical neuropsychologist within the department of neurology at the
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine in Shreveport, Louisiana. Dennis R. Combs, Ph.D.,
is an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Tulsa. Dennis R. Dixon, M.A., is currently a doctoral student
at Louisiana State University. 相似文献
215.
The co-occurrence of domestic violence and child abuse is well documented (Appel, A. E., & Holden, G. W. (1998). J. Fam. Psychol. 12: 578–599; Edleson, J. L. (1999). Violence Against Women 5: 134–154). However, little is known about the correlates of co-occurring wife and child abuse. Analyzing data from the 1985 National Family Violence Survey (subsample N = 2733), this study identified risk factors associated with the co-occurrence of wife and child abuse. One-way ANOVA and chi-square analyses were conducted to compare characteristics of parents, children, and households among subgroups of families reporting some form of abuse. Key differences emerged between the three types of homes compared (i.e., those with child abuse alone, wife abuse alone, or wife and child abuse), indicating possibly distinct etiologies and processes. In particular, the co-occurrence of wife and child abuse was marked by less education, worse health, increased reports of depression, and increased husband drug use. Findings may be useful to practitioners and researchers interested in risk factors for different forms of family violence.The total does not equal 100% because certain states report more than one form of maltreatment per child. 相似文献
216.
In keeping with many countries the UK has moved the problem of sexual offending up the political agenda. On the criminal justice side sentences have been increased and supervision periods extended. On the civil side a raft of new measures have been put in place to regulate the behaviour of sex offenders in the interest of community safety and child protection; this paper examines these measures and, in particular takes the sex offender ‘register’ as a case study to show how political imperatives have been brought to bear with little reference to the research or professional views of practitioners in this area. It is contended that under these political pressures, what starts life as a preventive, regulatory measure can easily become a more punitive measure in its own right; as such it may be liable to challenge by those subject to it for failing to fulfil its primary purpose and for straying across a line between the civil and criminal aspects of intervention. 相似文献
217.
Spamming is a major threat to the formation of public trust in the Internet and discourages broader civil participation in the emerging information society. To the individual, spams are usually little more than a nuisance, but collectively they expose Internet users to a panoply of new risks while threatening the communications and commercial infrastructure. Spamming also raises important questions of criminological interest. On the one hand it is an example of a pure cybercrime – a harmful behaviour mediated by the Internet that is the subject of criminal law, while on the other hand, it is a behaviour that has in practice been most effectively contained technologically by the manipulation of ‘code’ – but at what cost? Because there is not an agreed meaning as to what constitutes ‘online order’ that renders it simply and uncritically reducible to a set of formulae and algorithms that can be subsequently imposed (surreptitiously) by technological processes. The imposition of order online, as it is offline, needs to be subject to critical discussion and also checks and balances that have their origins in the authority of law. This article deconstructs and analyses spamming behaviour, before exploring the boundaries between law and code (technology) as governance in order to inform and stimulate the debate over the embedding of cybercrime prevention policy within the code itself. 相似文献
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