Crime scene investigations using portable,non-destructive space exploration technology

The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASAs) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) have teamed up to explore the use of NASA developed technologies to help criminal justice agencies and professionals solve crimes. The objective of the program is to produce instruments and communication networks that have application within both NASA's space program and NIJ programs with state and local forensic laboratories. A working group of NASA scientists and law enforcement professionals has been established to develop and implement a feasibility demonstration program. Specifically, the group has focused its efforts on identifying gunpowder and primer residue, blood, and semen at crime scenes. Non-destructive elemental composition identification methods are carried out using portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) systems. These systems are similar to those being developed for planetary exploration programs. A breadboard model of a portable XRF system has been constructed for these tests using room temperature silicon and cadmium-zinc telluride (CZT) detectors. Preliminary tests have been completed with gunshot residue (GSR), blood-spatter and semen samples. Many of the element composition lines have been identified. Studies to determine the minimum detectable limits needed for the analyses of GSR, blood and semen in the crime scene environment have been initiated and preliminary results obtained. Furthermore, a database made up of the inorganic composition of GSR is being developed. Using data obtained from the open literature of the elemental composition of barium (Ba) and antimony (Sb) in handswipes of GSR, we believe that there may be a unique GSR signature based on the Sb to Ba ratio.     

OVERSIGHT AND COMPETITION IN PROFIT VS NONPROFIT CONTRACTS FOR HOME CARE

The paper reports the experience of the State of Illinois using proprietary and nonproprietary vendors to provide in-home services to the elderly. The analysis suggests proprietary vendors were associated with a significant increase in service costs when vendors were allowed to determine service needs of clients. However, such differences disappeared as the state implemented effortso increase political oversight and competition.     

Attitudes of people with disabilities toward physician-assisted suicide legislation: broadening the dialogue

This article presents the methods, findings, and implications of a participatory action research project that attempted to shed additional light on the debate over death with dignity (DWD) or physician-assisted suicide (PAS) legislation. In-depth, qualitative interviews with forty-five physically disabled residents of the San Francisco Bay Area, conducted by others with disabilities, revealed a wide breadth of opinions about and attitudes toward such legislation. For close to half of the participants, the desire for autonomy in making end-of-life decisions was a primary concern, yet fear that PAS legislation could violate this autonomy in various ways was a deep concern as well. Also reported were widespread accounts of disability-based discrimination and frequent expressions of fear about openly discussing positions that diverge from the official, publicly held opinions of disability leaders who oppose such legislation. The findings support those of a recent Harris poll demonstrating considerable diversity of opinion about PAS legislation among people with disabilities. The findings further suggest the need for additional research on the apparent disjunction between the diversity of attitudes held by those interviewed and the more unified position taken by many disability activists. Use of the study findings to promote greater dialogue within the community and to better position people with disabilities to take their place at the policy table also is discussed. In addition, the findings are seen as reinforcing the need for the public health community to become more engaged in this central ethical debate.     

DETERMINING THE EFFECTIVE REPRESENTATION OF A CHILD IN OUR LEGAL SYSTEM

This note addresses the process by which lawyers must determine their role and responsibilities with regard to a child-client. The authors engage in an analysis of current standards, such as AAML, ABA, Fordham Conference. and Jean Koh Peters, by employing a case study.which was modeled after an actual case that was being handled by the Hofstra University School of Law Child Advocacy Clinic. The case study is then applied to the four current standards and to the ethical standards proposed by The Model Rules of Professional Conduct and the Quebec Bar Association's findings.     

The case for government involvement in the management of cutbacks by public service organizations

Abstract: The literature on cutback management does not address the role of government in inducing creative strategies to deal with retrenchment. As this paper argues, government should not limit itself to economizing but should also provide administrative leadership, especially with respect to developing interorganizational cooperation and evaluating effectiveness. Interorganizational theory and research suggest that organizations are reluctant to interact, a tendency which becomes intensified in periods of decline. Such literature also indicates that government is in a position to motivate priority planning at the network level and cooperation between the organizations it funds. An examination of the strategies of the Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services illustrates that there is little interest in facing this challenge. Although the ideas expressed in this paper contradict the logic of pluralism, and the political safety it provides to government, adopting a stronger managerial position regarding cutback strategies will eventually gain legitimacy. Sommaire: Les textes portant sur la gestion des coupures budgétaires ne se penchent pas sur le rôle du gouvernement dans l'amorce de mesures innovatrices en ce qui a trait à la compression des dépenses. Comme il est dit dans cet article, le gouvernement ne devrait pas se contenter d'économiser, mais devrait aussi faire preuve de leadership en matiere administrative. Il devrait en particulier amplifier la coopération interorganisationnelle et évaluer l'efficacité des programmes. La théorie et les recherches sur l'interorganisation portent à croire que les organismes Bprouvent des réticences à collaborer, tendance qui s'intensifie en périodes de déclin. Ces écrits indiquent aussi que le gouvernement se trouve dans une position où il peut encourager une planification prioritaire au niveau du réeau, et des échanges entre les organismes qu'il subventionne. Si on analyse les mesures prises par le ministère des Services sociaux et communautaires de l'Ontario, on se rend compte que le gouvernement n'a pas très envie de relever le défi. Bien que les idées exprimées dans cet article contredisent la logique du pluralisme et la sécurité politique que ce dernier fournit au government, I'adoption d'une attitude gestionnaire plus forte, en ce qui a trait aux coupures budgétaires et aux mesures à appliquer, sera peut-êre un jour reconnue comme juste.