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71.
The study of adolescent development rests on methodologically appropriate collection and interpretation of longitudinal data.
While all longitudinal studies of adolescent development involve missing data, the methods to treat missingness that have
been recommended most often focus on missing data from cross-sectional studies. The problems of missing data in longitudinal
studies are not described well, there are not many statistical software programs developed for researchers to use, and there
are no longitudinal empirical examples involving adolescent development that show the extent to which different missing data
procedures can yield different results. Data from the first three waves of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development were
used to provide such an illustration. The sample contains 2,265 participants (56.7% females) who were in Grade 5 at Wave 1,
in Grade 6 at Wave 2, and in Grade 7 at Wave 3, and varied in race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family structure, rural–urban
location, and geographic region. The results showed that three missing data techniques, i.e., listwise deletion, direct maximum
likelihood (DirML), and multiple imputation (MI), did not yield comparable results for research questions assessing different
aspects of development (i.e., change over time or prediction effects). The results indicated also that listwise deletion should
not be used. Instead, both DirML and MI methods should be used to determine if and how results change when these procedures
are employed. 相似文献
72.
Helena Machado 《Feminist Legal Studies》2008,16(2):215-236
This article explores how the Portuguese legal system’s efforts to determine paternity of children born outside legal marriage,
automatically initiated by the Registry Office when a birth registration does not indicate the father, reveal cultural models
which reinforce the naturalisation of the differences between mothers and fathers, with significant effects on the social
construction of parental roles and on expectations of family organisation and female sexual behaviour. The article relies
on ethnographic data drawn from direct observation of court proceedings for the determination of paternity, as well as interviews
with judges and prosecuting counsels all over the country. It is argued that judicial practices in the specific context of
courtroom investigations of paternity reinforce gender inequalities in two interrelated ways. On the one hand, they are strengthened
in the discursive practices performed during the course of the interactions between judges, prosecuting counsels and the mother
of the child, as well as the alleged father. On the other hand, the normative model of family life and the dominant ideology
of women’s and men’s relationships, which emphasise women’s socially subordinate position, are revealed by the selective use
of DNA testing in paternity cases, based on the judge’s evaluation of the mother’s sexual behaviour. The article argues that
legal attempts to establish the paternity of children born outside marriage—though based on novel technical and supposedly
objective procedures—tend, nevertheless, to reproduce the prevailing patriarchal structures.
相似文献
Helena MachadoEmail: |
73.
Scholars have argued that recruiting more women to office is an effective way to curb corruption; however, the more precise mechanisms underlying why this may be the case have remained unclear. We use meso‐level theories to elaborate on the relationship and suggest that institutional logics mediate the effect of gendered experiences on corruption. We make two propositions: First, we suggest that the relationship between more women and lower levels of corruption is weaker in the state administration than in the legislative arena, because the bureaucratic administrative logic absorbs actors’ personal characteristics. Second, we refine our institutional argument by claiming that the stronger the bureaucratic principles are in the administration, the less gender matters. We validate our theory using data provided by the European Commission (EC) covering the EC countries and original data from the Quality of Government Institute Expert Surveys, covering a larger set of countries on a worldwide scale. 相似文献
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