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Marina E. Henke 《安全研究》2018,27(1):120-147
Side-payments are commonly used in international relations to alter the foreign policies of states. Despite their frequent usage, however, our understanding is very limited as to why certain side-payment negotiations succeed, while others fail. This article tries to remedy this shortcoming. It argues that social embeddedness between actors involved in the negotiations has a major bearing on bargaining outcomes. Under ideal circumstances, social relationships can be used to reduce information asymmetries and increase trust. But in the presence of fractured social networks, social ties can foster information bias and distrust, ultimately increasing the likelihood of bargaining failure. The US-Turkish bargaining failure over the Iraq intervention in 2003 is used to illustrate and test this theory. 相似文献
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P M Schneider R Fimmers J Bertrams P Birkner K Braunbeck U Bulnheim M Feuerbach L Henke E Iten E Osterhaus 《Forensic science international》1992,55(1):45-58
A collaborative study using the multilocus minisatellite DNA probe MZ 1.3 was carried out to investigate segregation information, mutation rate, DNA fragment frequencies as well as band sharing characteristics. The fingerprint patterns of 393 children as well as 694 unrelated individuals were analysed after digestion of DNA with the restriction enzyme HinfI. A mutation rate of 1% per meiosis or 0.04% per band was found with a mean number of 26 bands/individual. It was shown that maternal and paternal fragments are inherited in equal proportions. Population frequencies of restriction fragments demonstrated a distribution with increasing frequencies in the small fragment size range below 10 kb as well as the absence of very common or very rare fragments. Our data can be used to calculate simple exclusion probabilities based on the number of non-maternal bands in the child. 相似文献
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One hundred and fifty-five cord cells were tested for the red blood cell antigens Lua, Lub and Cob in order to collect data on the early postnatal expression of these markers. Additionally, dosage studies were carried out in 8–10-month-old heterozygous children. Antigens Lua and Lub revealed to be significantly less expressed in children of both ages compared with those of their mothers, whereas no such differences could be demonstrated in the expression of the antigen Cob. 相似文献
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Jürgen Henke 《Forensic science international》1980,15(3):205-206
Blood samples from 300 unrelated persons in Northrhine-Westphalia (F.R.G.) have been tested for the Doa (Dombrock) blood group antigen. 199 blood samples (66.3%) were found to be Do(a+). 相似文献
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Blood samples from 468 unrelated persons in Northrhine-Westphalia (F.R.G.) were tested in order to determine the frequency of the two common alleles at the FUCA-locus. In our series, the gene frequencies could be calculated as follows: FUCA1:0.7447; FUCA2:0.2553. The plausibility to exclude non fathers from paternity is 15.4%. 相似文献
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