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991.
992.
Angela Martin Crowly James Rauch Susanne Seagrave David A. Smith 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》1998,33(2):30-57
For more than two decades, economists and sociologists have pursued parallel cross-national quantitative investigations of
the determinants of economic development. These investigations have proceeded in mutual ignorance despite the often large
overlap in statistical methods and data employed. Apparently contradictory findings have resulted, especially regarding the
impacts of international trade and foreign direct investment. We find that there are two factors that account for these inconsistent
results. One key factor is the use of different variables to measure international trade and investment, the choice of which
is in turn driven by underlying differences in theoretical motivations. A second important difference involves sociologists’
greater preoccupation with more complex multivariate models versus economists’ greater willingness to focus on individual
variables in multivariate regressions while viewing others as “controls.” A major finding of our survey is that when thesame variables are used, the results of economists and sociologists tend to be consistent, rather than contradictory (as might
have occurred, for example, because of the use of different samples of countries or time periods, or the use of other variables
included in the regression equations). We also consider some studies whose purviews go beyond economic growth to consider
factors such as income inequality, physical quality of life, demographic change, and basic needs provisioning.
Angela Martin Crowly is at the Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92717. James
Rauch is at the department of Economics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.
Susanna Seagrave is at the U.S. General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. 20548.
David A. Smith is at the Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92717. 相似文献
993.
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996.
David Hirschmann 《Development in Practice》2002,12(1):20-32
This article focuses on performance measurement in the democracy and governance (DG) programme of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), in its Zimbabwe mission. The article tells the story of one qualitative indicator used for measuring progress, namely the 'Advocacy Index'. It traces the history of this indicator, from rationale and concept through the early stages of implementation. The article discusses the problems of quantitative measurement and observes that there have been a number of suggested 'qualitative' responses. It goes on to describe the introduction of the Advocacy Index by the USAID mission and the responses of its Zimbabwean partners, and draws out some tentative lessons and questions raised by the experience. 相似文献
997.
Frederick W. Bell 《政策研究评论》1986,6(2):374-381
Coastal beaches are a source of considerable recreational activity, but are also eroding at a rapid rate. Since beach resources are common property, there is no organized market to determine economic benefits from recreational use. Through a willingness to pay equation for beach use, this article demonstrates how proposed beach renourishment policy can be evaluated within a benefit-cost analysis framework. Benefits are estimated as the incremental willingness to pay per day for a larger beach width which is translated into annualized benefits. Annualize cost of achieving maximum benefits are calculated from a cost function. Given the existing cost of beach renourishment, it was found that all beaches in Florida that are overcrowded (i.e., had less than 112 square feet per person/day) could be renourished at a benefit-cost ratio greater than unity. In Florida, beach renourishment policy for overcrowded beaches yields more economic benefits than costs. However, this technique does not lend itself to policy analyses of uncrowded beaches that are undergoing considerable erosion. 相似文献
998.
M L Radelet G W Barnard 《The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law》1986,14(1):37-53
For the last several centuries, most jurisdictions using capital punishment have had formal or informal rules that prohibit the execution of the mentally ill. In this article, the procedures for such exclusions in Florida are examined. The article begins by attempting to answer the question of why legislators and judges, at least nominally, have prohibited the execution of the mentally ill. Next, Florida's criteria for defining and procedures for excluding mentally ill prisoners are examined and found to be vague. We then turn attention to the ethical problems created by the statute and its implementation that face the participating psychiatrists and the profession. These problems are compounded because the physician's findings are not acted upon by politically neutral authorities and the inmate has no opportunity to challenge the findings with his own panel of experts. Finally, since any exclusion of the mentally ill from execution is temporary and the patient will be executed if he recovers, the dilemmas facing the treatment staff if the death sentence is not commuted to life imprisonment before treatment are discussed. 相似文献
999.
This paper is based on a study of apprenticeship, a long renowned institution for transferring technical know-how. Case studies
of apprenticeship led us to define know-how as: a commercially viable integration of proficient technique gained by practicing
the work process of an expert and contextual knowledge gained by observing and questioning other workers. One implication
of this definition is its stress on know-how transfer teams that consist of work process designers, practice tutors, and transfer
manager. A second implication calls for explicit planning of know-how adaptation when new technology makes work processes
obsolete. A final implication for researchers in technology transfer stresses the integration of individual know-how into
community systems that put technology to work. 相似文献
1000.
Negotiation Journal - 相似文献