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201.
The current cross-sectional study investigated the links between various dimensions of organized activity involvement and
depressive symptoms, loneliness, and peer victimization in an ethnically and economically diverse sample of adolescents (N = 152; 58% female). Results indicate that adolescents who were involved in organized activities for more years also reported
lower levels of loneliness. There was evidence of diminishing returns when adolescents were very highly involved in organized
activities; those who were either under- or over-involved reported the highest levels of depressive symptoms. Conversely,
findings indicate that adolescents who participated in a narrow or wide range of activity contexts reported the lowest levels
of depressive symptoms. In addition, results suggested that the relation between organized activity involvement and adjustment
differs among adolescents from diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Findings from the current study also underscore
the importance of considering multiple indices of activity involvement when assessing its association with adjustment.
相似文献
Edin T. RandallEmail: |
202.
Growth curve analyses were used to investigate parents’ and peers’ influence on adolescents’ choice to abstain from antisocial
behavior in a community-based sample of 416 early adolescents living in the Southeastern United States. Participants were
primarily European American (91%) and 51% were girls. Both parents and peers were important influences on the choice to abstain
from antisocial behavior. Over the four-year period adolescents relied increasingly on parents as influences and relied less
on peers as influences to deter antisocial behavior. Significant gender differences emerged and suggested that female adolescents
relied more on social influences than did male adolescents but that as time progressed male adolescents increased the rate
at which they relied on peers. Higher family income was associated with choosing peers as a social influence at wave 1, but
no other significant income associations were found. Understanding influences on adolescents’ abstinence choices is important
for preventing antisocial behavior.
Emily C. Cook is in her final year of doctoral studies in human development and family studies at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Her research interests include peer influences and parental influences on adolescents’ problem behaviors, parental influences on adolescents’ social development, and effective prevention and interventions for adolescents who exhibit problem behaviors. Cheryl Buehler is a professor of human development and family studies at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Her research interests include marital conflict, marital relations, parenting, and adolescent well-being. Robert Henson is an assistant professor of educational research methodology at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Dr. Henson’s research interests include educational measurement, cognitive diagnosis models, hierarchical linear models, and mathematical statistics. 相似文献
Emily C. CookEmail: |
Emily C. Cook is in her final year of doctoral studies in human development and family studies at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Her research interests include peer influences and parental influences on adolescents’ problem behaviors, parental influences on adolescents’ social development, and effective prevention and interventions for adolescents who exhibit problem behaviors. Cheryl Buehler is a professor of human development and family studies at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Her research interests include marital conflict, marital relations, parenting, and adolescent well-being. Robert Henson is an assistant professor of educational research methodology at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Dr. Henson’s research interests include educational measurement, cognitive diagnosis models, hierarchical linear models, and mathematical statistics. 相似文献
203.
Little attention has been paid to the role of peer social capital in the school context, especially as a predictor of adolescents’
academic outcomes. This study uses a nationally representative (N = 13,738, female = 51%), longitudinal sample and multilevel models to examine how peer networks impact educational achievement
and attainment. Results reveal that, in addition to those factors typically associated with academic outcomes (e.g., school
composition), two individual-level peer network measures, SES and heterogeneity, had significant effects. Although educational
attainment was generally worse in low SES schools, for all ethnic groups higher attainment was associated with attending schools
with higher concentrations of minority students. At the individual level, however, membership in integrated peer networks
was negatively related to high school graduation for Asians, Latinos, and non-Hispanic whites, and to GPA for Asians and Latinos,
as only African-American achievement increased in more racially/ethnically heterogeneous peer networks. Our results suggest
that co-ethnic and co-racial peer friendship networks should not be viewed as obstacles to the educational accomplishments
of today’s youth. In fact, in many cases the opposite was true, as results generally support the ethnic social capital hypothesis
while providing little corroboration for oppositional culture theory. Results also suggest that co-racial and co-ethnic ties
may mediate the negative effects of school choice, or more specifically of between-school socioeconomic segregation. Consequently,
we conclude that school policies aimed at socioeconomic desegregation are likely to beneficially affect the academic outcomes
of all race/ethnic groups.
相似文献
Igor RyabovEmail: |
204.
Lisa Kiang Terry D. Blumenthal Erika N. Carlson Yolanda N. Lawson J. Clark Shell 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2009,38(2):164-174
Physiologic reactivity to racially rejecting images was assessed in 35 young adults (10 males, 25 female) from African-American
backgrounds using the startle probe paradigm. In a laboratory setting, participants viewed 16 images depicting racial rejection,
racial acceptance, nonracial negative, and nonracial positive themes. While viewing these images, startling bursts of noise
were presented and the magnitude of the eyeblink responses were measured. Results supported an attentional mechanism which
suggests that, while viewing both racially rejecting and nonracial positive images, individuals may be so absorbed in processing
the images that they appear less distracted by the startling noise. However, these patterns were only found for participants
low in racial regard. Young adults who felt positively about their racial background did not exhibit differential processing
of startle stimuli as a function of slide themes. Race-rejection sensitivity did not moderate startle reactivity. Developmental
implications, particularly in light of coping with racial discrimination, are discussed.
相似文献
Lisa KiangEmail: |
205.
This research analyzes the individual-level factors associated with public support for the private provision of public goods and services. Given that privatization requires the transfer of authority from public to private entities, we argue that beliefs about private companies are an important and overlooked source of heterogeneity in explaining public policy preferences toward privatization. We test this expectation using survey data from the 2014 Cooperative Congressional Election Study. We find that support for privatization is associated with positive beliefs about the motivation of private companies and with favorable views about corporate accountability relative to the accountability of government. Opposition to privatization is associated with beliefs about corporate influence in politics. Preferences for limited government are also associated with support for privatization. These results highlight the potential for beliefs about private companies to serve as a group heuristic in political reasoning and the ability of citizens to make reasoned choices on complex public policy issues. 相似文献
206.
Do citizens hold congressional candidates accountable for their policy positions? Recent studies reach different conclusions on this important question. In line with the predictions of spatial voting theory, a number of recent survey-based studies have found reassuring evidence that voters choose the candidate with the most spatially proximate policy positions. In contrast, most electoral studies find that candidates’ ideological moderation has only a small association with vote margins, especially in the modern, polarized Congress. We bring clarity to these discordant findings using the largest dataset to date of voting behavior in congressional elections. We find that the ideological positions of congressional candidates have only a small association with citizens’ voting behavior. Instead, citizens cast their votes “as if” based on proximity to parties rather than individual candidates. The modest degree of candidate-centered spatial voting in recent Congressional elections may help explain the polarization and lack of responsiveness in the contemporary Congress. 相似文献
207.
Rune Stubager 《Political Behavior》2018,40(2):345-370
Recently, the concept of issue ownership has attracted increasing attention by students of electoral behaviour as well as party competition. However, both the definition and measurement of issue ownership—often drawn from Petrocik’s seminal 1996-article—is unclear. This constitutes a serious drawback to the further development and understanding of issue ownership itself and its purported effects. The paper addresses these problems by, first, establishing a definition of issue ownership at the individual level. On this basis, the standard ‘which party is best at handling issue X’ measure of issue ownership is assessed. The analyses using experiments embedded in a nationally representative panel survey indicate that the measure lacks validity and is partially redundant. Consequently, its replacement with a better performing alternative is recommended. 相似文献
208.
Supreme Court confirmation hearings have been famously called a “vapid and hollow charade” by Elena Kagan. Indeed, perceptions of nominees’ refusal to answer questions about pending cases, prominent political issues, or give any hint of their ideological leanings have become a cornerstone of the modern confirmation process. We investigate the extent to which this reticence to speak of their ideological views, or candor, influences how individuals evaluate the nominee. To this end, we present the results of a survey experiment which examines how support for a hypothetical Supreme Court nominee is affected by information, especially when a nominee is presented to be very forthright or very reticent in answering ideological questions during the confirmation hearings. We find that while partisan compatibility with the president is the main determinant of support for a nominee, nominees who refuse to answer ideological questions can bolster support from respondents who would not support them on partisan grounds. We supplement these findings with observational state-level support data from real nominees over the last 40 years. 相似文献
209.
Stefaan Walgrave Julie Sevenans Kirsten Van Camp Peter Loewen 《Political Behavior》2018,40(3):547-569
What politicians devote attention to, is an important question as political attention is a precondition of policy change. We use an experimental design to study politicians’ attention to incoming information and deploy it among large samples of elected politicians in three countries: Belgium, Canada, and Israel. Our sample includes party leaders, ministers and regular members of parliament. These elites were confronted with short bits of summary information framed in various ways and were then asked how likely it was that they would read the full information. We test for three frames: conflict, political conflict, and responsibility. We find that framing moderates the effect of messages on politicians’ attention to information. Politicians react more strongly (i.e., they devote more attention) to political conflict frames than to non-political conflict frames and they react stronger to political responsibility attributions than to non-political responsibility attributions. Conflict frames attract more attention than consensus frames only from members of opposition parties. Political conflict frames attract more attention from government party politicians. These effects occur largely across issues and across the three countries. 相似文献
210.
Research on negative campaigning has largely overlooked the role of stereotypes. In this study, we argue that the gender and partisan stereotypes associated with traits and policy issues interact with a candidate’s gender and partisanship to shape the effectiveness of campaign attacks. We draw on expectancy-violation theory to argue that candidates may be evaluated more harshly when attacks suggest the candidate has violated stereotypic assumptions about their group. Thus, attacks on a candidate’s “home turf,” or those traits or issues traditionally associated with their party or gender, may be more effective in reducing support for the attacked candidate. We use two survey experiments to examine the effects of stereotype-based attacks—a Trait Attack Study and an Issue Attack Study. The results suggest that female candidates are particularly vulnerable to trait based attacks that challenge stereotypically feminine strengths. Both male and female candidates proved vulnerable to attacks on policy issues stereotypically associated with their party and gender, but the negative effects of all forms of stereotype-based attacks were especially large for democratic women. Our results offer new insights into the use of stereotypes in negative campaigning and their consequences for the electoral fortunes of political candidates. 相似文献