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Peter K. Hatemi Charles Crabtree Kevin B. Smith 《American journal of political science》2019,63(4):788-806
Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) is employed as a causal explanation of ideology that posits political attitudes are products of moral intuitions. Prior theoretical models, however, suggest the opposite causal path, that is, that moral judgments are driven by political beliefs. In both instances, however, extant research has assumed rather than explicitly tested for causality. So do moral intuitions drive political beliefs or do political beliefs drive moral intuitions? We empirically address this question using data from two panel studies and one nationally representative study, and find consistent evidence supporting the hypothesis that ideology predicts moral intuitions. The findings have significant implications for MFT as a theory of ideology, and also about the consequences of political beliefs for shaping how individuals rationalize what is right and what is wrong. 相似文献
195.
Vaughn MG Delisi M Gunterbh T Fu Q Beaver KM Perron BE Howard MO 《Journal of criminal justice》2011,39(1):75-80
Objective
Criminological research consistently demonstrates that approximately 5% of study populations are comprised of pathological offenders who account for a preponderance of antisocial behavior and violent crime. Unfortunately, there have been no nationally representative epidemiological studies characterizing the severe 5% group.Materials and Methods
Data from the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a nationally representative sample of 43,093 non-institutionalized U.S. residents aged 18 years and older were analyzed using latent class analysis to assess sociodemographic, psychiatric, and behavioral characteristics.Results
Four-classes of respondents were identified vis-à-vis lifetime externalizing behaviors. A normative class (66.1% of respondents) demonstrated little involvement in antisocial conduct. A low substance use/high antisocial behavior class (20.7% of respondents) and high substance use/moderate antisocial behavior (8.0% of respondents) class evinced diverse externalizing and psychiatric symptoms. Finally, a severe class (5.3% of respondents) was characterized by pathological involvement in more varied and intensive forms of antisocial and externalizing behaviors and extensive psychiatric disturbance.Conclusions
The current study is the first nationally representative epidemiological study of criminal careers/externalizing behavior spectrum in the United States and validates the existence of the 5% pathological group demonstrated by prior research. 相似文献196.
Melissa S. Magyar John F. EdensScott O. Lilienfeld Kevin S. DouglasNorman G. Poythress Jr. 《Journal of criminal justice》2011,39(3):232
Growing evidence suggests that individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) can be categorized into theoretically meaningful subtypes. This study builds on earlier cluster-analytic research (Poythress et al., 2010) that identified four subtypes of ASPD in a large sample of prison inmates and offenders ordered into mandatory substance abuse treatment. These four subtypes (primary, secondary, and “fearful” psychopathic and non-psychopathic ASPD) differed in theoretically important ways on various criterion measures. Of those participants in substance abuse treatment (N = 571), we compare the four clusters, as well as non-ASPD substance abusers, in terms of (a) the severity of their self-reported alcohol and drug problems and (b) whether the severity of their substance abuse is predicted by similar etiologically important correlates (i.e., negative emotionality, impulsivity). There were modest subgroup differences in abuse, although as expected secondary psychopaths reported more severe misuse than primary psychopaths. Associations between impulsivity and negative emotionality and drug use for the total sample were in the expected direction, though relatively modest in magnitude. Unexpectedly, these associations were weaker among psychopathic subtypes relative to the non-psychopathic subgroups. These findings suggest that the etiology of drug use may differ across subgroups of chronically antisocial individuals. 相似文献
197.
Sholts SB Walker PL Kuzminsky SC Miller KW Wärmländer SK 《Journal of forensic sciences》2011,56(2):333-338
Identifying group affinity from human crania is a long-standing problem in forensic and physical anthropology. Many craniofacial differences used in forensic skeletal identification are difficult to quantify, although certain measurements of the midfacial skeleton have shown high predictive value for group classifications. This study presents a new method for analyzing midfacial shape variation between different geographic groups. Three-dimensional laser scan models of 90 crania from three populations were used to obtain cross-sectional midfacial contours defined by three standard craniometric landmarks. Elliptic Fourier transforms of the contours were used to extract Fourier coefficients for statistical analysis. After cross-validation, discriminant functions based on the Fourier coefficients provided an average of 86% correct classifications for crania from the three groups. The high rate of accuracy of this method indicates its usefulness for identifying group affinities among human skeletal remains and demonstrates the advantages of digital 3D model-based analysis in forensic research. 相似文献
198.
Kelley’s (Nebr Symp Motiv 15:192–238, 1967) attribution theory can inform sexual harassment research by identifying how observers use consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness
information in determining whether a target or perpetrator is responsible for a sexual harassment situation. In this study,
Kelley’s theory is applied to a scenario in which a male perpetrator sexually harasses a female target in a university setting.
Results from 314 predominantly female college students indicate that consistency and consensus information significantly affect
participants’ judgments of blame and responsibility for the situation. The authors discuss the importance of the reference
groups used to derive consensus and distinctiveness information, and reintroduce Kelley’s attribution theory as a means of
understanding observers’ perceptions of sexual harassment. 相似文献
199.
Once a preserve of the American legal landscape, the class action device today transcends geographic boundaries. In the past
decade, efforts have intensified to establish collective litigation instruments in diverse legal terrains outside the United
States—including Europe—often with the common goal of allowing some form of collective legal redress while avoiding perceived
disadvantages of class actions in the American experience. Today more than ever, from legislators to litigants to scholars,
European reformers face the challenge—and the opportunity—of making fundamental choices about the scope and shape of the collective
legal remedies they wish to make available. Choices about the shape of the class action device reflect foundational judgments
about the proper allocation of costs, and there is much from the US experience that can inform Europe’s prospective reformers.
This article describes the history and current status of class action rules in the US, and then compares class actions and
another form of extra-compensatory damages—one type of punitive damages—as means of doing the same thing. Although neither
punitive damages of this sort nor class actions generally have traditionally existed in civil law systems, they both—and especially
this particular form of punitive damages—can, from an economic view, be made to vindicate the same kind of social cost accounting
goals. By considering these legal devices together, we hope to shed light on crucial choices facing Europe as it grapples
with how best to provide collective legal redress in light of the lessons of the US experience with class actions. 相似文献
200.
This study investigates the optimisation of peroxidase based enhancement techniques for footwear impressions made in blood on various fabric surfaces. Four different haem reagents: leuco crystal violet (LCV), leuco malachite green (LMG), fluorescein and luminol were used to enhance the blood contaminated impressions.The enhancement techniques in this study were used successfully to enhance the impressions in blood on light coloured surfaces, however, only fluorescent and/or chemiluminescent techniques allowed visualisation on dark coloured fabrics, denim and leather. Luminol was the only technique to enhance footwear impressions made in blood on all the fabrics investigated in this study. 相似文献