深圳行政三分模式解析

7月31日,深圳市公布了《深圳市人民政府机构改革方案》,启动政府机构改革。根据该方案,深圳在探索实行职能有机统一的大部门体制的基础上,本着决策科学、执行有力、监督到位与既相互制约又相互协调的要求,完善行政运行机制,将市政府机构各工作部门由原46个政府部门减少为31个,并根据部门职能定位划分为“委”、“局”、“办”。     

宽严相济在刑事立法中的适用及前景——以《刑法修正案(七)》为例

在构建和谐社会背景下,刑事立法入罪与出罪相结合、从严与从宽相协调,反映了宽严相济刑事政策在刑事立法中的适用。对逃税罪的修订体现了刑事立法对法定犯的理性态度与法治包容精神;对绑架罪和巨额财产来源不明罪法定刑的调整坚持着宽严相济的立法方向;对新出现的严重危害社会行为做出积极回应,进一步严密法网。这一立法路径需要坚持,同时,频繁的刑事立法也表现出对宽严相济刑事政策认识的不足,有待随刑事政策研究的深化进一步完善。     

福建省公共文化建设的战略意义探析

公共文化服务是政府提供的公共服务的重要组成部分。我省大力加强公共文化服务建设,具有巨大的战略意义和时代意义。福建省加强公共文化建设,是建设海峡西岸的深层驱动力,是繁荣社会主义先进文化的应有之义,是保障公民权利的重要举措。同时也服务于祖国的统一大业     

中美社区警务与社区矫正的比较研究

社区警务要求警察以"服务于民"的姿态出现,深入社区,熟悉辖区情况,依靠群众,调动社区居民的积极性,共同参与治安管理.社区矫正则是让罪犯有条件地与社会保持接触,接受民间帮教,促使罪犯尽早转化为社会人的一种行刑方式.社区警务和社区矫正皆在特定历史条件下起源于英、美等西方国家,在预防违法犯罪、提高社区居民安全感和促进社会和谐发展等方面起到了积极作用.随着近几年中国城市化进程的不断加快,执法机关也开始重视并引进社区警务和社区矫正的理论与实践.比较研究中美社区警务和社区矫正的理论与实践,有利于借鉴其他国家的成功经验,探索建立适合中国国情的社区警务和社区矫正模式,促进中国和谐社会建设.     

False-negative probability in the SEM/EDS automated discovery of iGSR particles: A Bayesian approach

The automated search software integrated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDS) has been the standard tool for detecting inorganic gunshot residues (iGSR) for several decades. The detection of these particles depends on various factors such as collection, preservation, contamination with organic matter, and the method for sample analysis. This article focuses on the influence of equipment resolution setup on the backscattered electron images of the sample. The pixel size of these images plays a crucial role in determining the detectability of iGSR particles, especially those with sizes close to the pixel size. In this study, we calculated the probability of missing all characteristic iGSR particles in a sample using an SEM/EDS automated search and how it depends on the image pixel resolution setup. We developed and validated an iGSR particle detection model that links particle size with equipment registers and applied it to 320 samples analyzed by a forensic science laboratory. Our results show that the probability of missing all characteristic iGSR particles due to their size is below 5% for pixel sizes below 0.32 μm². These findings indicate that pixel sizes as large as twice the one commonly used in laboratory casework, that is, 0.16 μm², are effective for initial sample scanning, yielding good detection rates of characteristic particles that could exponentially reduce laboratory workload.     

The applications of MicroCT in studying age-related tooth morphological change and dental age estimation: A scoping review

Conventional dental age estimation relies on destructive methods such as sectioning and staining, which are unpreferable when the tooth is required for evidential or archeological preservation. MicroCT is a non-destructive, high-resolution imaging technique that allows for accurate morphometrical measurement. Although microCT technology has been applied in a variety of dental studies, studies focusing on dental age-related change and dental age estimation based on microCT imaging remain lacking. Based on the question: “How has microCT technology been applied in studying human age-related tooth morphological change and dental age estimation studies?”, the authors conducted a scoping review in accordance with the Arksey and O'Malley (2005) and the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A literature search using five major scientific databases identified 452 articles, with 11 full-text articles being eligible to be included in the scoping review. Furthermore, 6 out of the 11 studies performed dental age estimation modeling. An overview of the parameters used in the selected articles revealed a variety of tooth characteristics, such as pulp cavity to whole tooth volume ratio, secondary dentin, as well as the diameter of root canal orifice. The findings of this scoping review highlight the extent microCT is used in studying dental age-related changes, as well as the effectiveness of microCT in dental age estimation studies. This review serves as a guide for future forensic odontology age estimation studies.     

Uncertainty in probabilistic genotyping of low template DNA: A case study comparing STRMix™ and TrueAllele™

Two probabilistic genotyping (PG) programs, STRMix™ and TrueAllele™, were used to assess the strength of the same item of DNA evidence in a federal criminal case, with strikingly different results. For STRMix, the reported likelihood ratio in favor of the non-contributor hypothesis was 24; for TrueAllele it ranged from 1.2 million to 16.7 million, depending on the reference population. This case report seeks to explain why the two programs produced different results and to consider what the difference tells us about the reliability and trustworthiness of these programs. It uses a locus-by-locus breakdown to trace the differing results to subtle differences in modeling parameters and methods, analytic thresholds, and mixture ratios, as well as TrueAllele's use of an ad hoc procedure for assigning LRs at some loci. These findings illustrate the extent to which PG analysis rests on a lattice of contestable assumptions, highlighting the importance of rigorous validation of PG programs using known-source test samples that closely replicate the characteristics of evidentiary samples. The article also points out misleading aspects of the way STRMix and TrueAllele results are routinely presented in reports and testimony and calls for clarification of forensic reporting standards to address those problems.     

遵约与国际制度的有效性:情投意合还是一厢情愿

20世纪90年代,国际关系学与国际法学开始走上了相互借鉴、学习的道路。国际关系学者和法学研究者在遵约研究方面具有共同的议程,遵约研究已经成为国际关系理论的重要方面。遵约被国际关系学界用来衡量制度的因果影响,具有一定的客观性。但是,遵约与国际制度有效性之间并不具有必然的联系,遵约是对制度因果关系的误读。此外,认识论、方法论上及分析层次、内生性问题上也对遵约研究提出了挑战。遵约研究对制度有效性的启示在于:应该慎重选择衡量结果的指标,从而准确评估制度对国家政策和行为的因果影响。     

国际法院对岛礁争端的裁量与南海维权——东南亚国家的经验及其对中国的启示

东南亚国家中的马来西亚、印尼和新加坡通过国际法院裁决的方式成功地解决了相互之间的岛礁主权争端。在对马来西亚与印尼、马来西亚与新加坡岛礁主权争端案的裁决过程中,国际法院综合考量了有效控制、继承、禁止反言和先占原则。马来西亚与印尼、马来西亚与新加坡通过国际法院裁决解决相互间岛礁争端的经验对中国更好地维护南海主权具有一定的启示。