宪政视野中的刑事强制措施——以搜查和扣押为范例的考察

从宪政的角度来看,刑事强制措施是指国家追诉和审判机关实施的违背公民意志,侵犯其宪法性权利的行为.强制措施的适用必须符合比例原则与司法审查原则的要求.在我国,由于长期以来财产权不被认为是公民的一项宪法权利.因而,可能侵犯公民财产权的搜查、扣押措施没有被纳入强制措施体系,这对保护公民的财产权极为不利.由于本次宪法修正案已经明确规定私有财产权是公民的一项宪法权利,因而建议在将来修改刑事诉讼法时,将搜查与扣押措施纳入强制措施体系加以规范.     

羊水栓塞致产妇猝死的免疫组织化学研究

羊水栓塞是引起产妇猝死的最常见原因之一,作者们应用免疫组织化学、免疫酶标法技术,对52例产妇死亡的尸体解剖材料进行了分析研究,确定12例是由羊水栓塞引起的产妇猝死。确认采用免疫组织化学的方法可提高法医病理工作者对诊断羊水栓塞的准确性和科学性。     

从市场经济看香港“九七”后的法制

<正> 一、序言 香港将于一九九七年七月一日回归中国。这是值得每一个中国人感到振奋的事。同时,香港回归的独特方式,即“一国两制”的构思,也为学术研究提供了一个充满趣味和极具挑战性的课题。 “一国两制”的构思,特别有关法制的部分,九七后将以什么实质面貌显现,可以下列四个因素,作为理论起点,加以分析:一、内地和香港,存在着明显的社会观念方面的差异:二、因为主权的回归,产生了体现内地和香港之间的从属关系的需要:三、香港和内地的往来和联系,九     

刍议企业法人与国际移民法学的研究对象

随着世界政治、经济、文化的交融与发展,国际移民问题日益成为国际法学界关注的对象。鉴于国际移民法学的研究对象以往都局限于自然人的跨国流动,本文认为,国际移民法学的研究范畴还应扩大,应探讨将＂企业法人＂纳入国际移民法规范的对象之列。     

Prototypicality analysis of the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP): A cross-cultural perspective

The Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP) model is a new lexically based concept of psychopathy that has potential clinical utility. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the generalizability of the CAPP conceptual model in South Korea. In the current study, 88 experts and 1727 laypeople in South Korea were asked to evaluate the prototypicality of the symptoms of psychopathy (CAPP items) by using a Korean translation of the CAPP model (K-CAPP). In addition, 11 international prototypicality studies were systematically compared to the ratings by experts in the present study. As a result, it indicated that Korean experts and laypeople, on average, rated K-CAPP symptoms as moderately to highly prototypical of psychopathy, and more prototypical of psychopathy than symptoms theoretically unrelated to psychopathy (foils). Also, prototypicality ratings of K-CAPP symptoms made by those two groups were similar to each other as well as to ratings by experts and laypeople using the CAPP in other 11 countries. In conclusion, these results clearly show that both experts and laypeople in the current study conceptualized PPD in almost the same way as experts and laypeople from previous studies using the CAPP model.     

Fatal non-accidental pediatric cranial fracture risk and three-layered cranial architecture development

This study examines the influence of three-layered cranial architecture development upon blunt force trauma (BFT) cranial outcomes associated with pediatric non-accidental injury (NAI). Macroscopic and microscopic metric and morphological comparisons of subadult crania ranging from perinatal to 17 years of age chronicle the ontogenetic development and spatial and temporal variability in the emergence of a mature cranial architecture. Cranial vault thickness increases with subadult age, accelerating in the first 2 years of life due to rapid brain growth during this period. Three-layer differentiation of the cranial tables and diploë initiates by 3–6 months but is not consistently observed until 18 months to 2 years; diploë formation is not well developed until after age 4 and does not manifest a mature appearance until after age 8. These results allow topographic documentation of cortical and diploic development and temporal and spatial variability across the growing cranium. The lateral cranial vault is identified as expressing delayed development and reduced expression of the three-layer architecture, a pattern that continues into adulthood. Comparison of fracture locations from known BFT pediatric cases with identified cranial fracture high-risk impact regions shows a concordance and suggests the presence of a higher fracture risk associated with non-accidental BFT in the lateral vault region in subadults below the age of 2. The absence or lesser development of a three-layered architecture in subadults leaves their cranial bones, particularly in the lateral vault, thin and vulnerable to the effects of BFT.     

Colonization of diatoms in and on porcine bone substrate and considerations of diatom ecology for forensic science

The presence of diatom algae in bone marrow has been used as forensic evidence of drowning for several decades; however, these studies are based on known or suspected recent drowning events. This study addresses the potential for diatoms to enter the bone marrow of skeletal remains, that is, de-fleshed long bones post-mortem. In laboratory and field experiments, bones were either inflicted with two access points by a cut and acid pitting or left intact. The bones were submerged in water for at least 1 week and up to 3 months. Samples of the bone surface and marrow were inspected for diatoms. The analysis considered the time required for diatoms to enter marrow and whether genus characteristics like size or mobility affect entry. The presence of an access point influenced diatom entry in that bones without an introduced access point had zero to one diatom present in the marrow, whereas a bone with an access point had >150 diatoms present in the marrow. The results of both laboratory and field phases suggest that diatoms will reliably colonize bone in as quickly as 1 week, establishing and maintaining communities for at least 3 months. However, the bone surface assemblages differ from the source community. Bone marrow displayed even more restrictive access to diatom colonization, resulting in communities dominated by small raphid diatoms. Based on these findings, we suggest some caveats on the use of diatoms as trace evidence in forensic science with recommendations for future avenues of research.     

“同舟共济”与适应性变革:经济增长、权力转移及中美关系

由于经济增长的差异,新兴市场日益崛起,亚太地区日益崛起,其中中国崛起尤为瞩目。纵观权力转移历史、理论与现实,中国积极寻求融入当前美国主导的国际制度安排,在战略上是正确的,中国成为这一制度的得利较多者,也是满意者和维护者。因此综合长期战略和当前金融危机冲击下的策略,除了积极推动美国对当前制度进行适应性变革外,对于美国目前的困境,中国应该量力积极帮助,共同促进全球经济早日复苏和全球善治,与美国"同舟共济"符合中国战略利益,中国需要战略规划;同时,需要面向未来,准备好美国经济复苏后的策略变化。美国凭其发达的金融业在全球财富再分配中占领制高点,金融业的发展意味着可以在财富的再分配中获得竞争优势,因此中国需要大力发展现代金融业。     

对义务兵犯罪适用罚金刑的思考

由于受立法环境的影响，我国罚金制度在一些方面仍存在不尽人意之处，给司法操作带来难题。在军事审判中，义务兵适用罚金出现了微妙局面。义务兵为国家提供无偿服务，无独立经济来源，依法适用罚金，难以真正执行。同时，又对其无法适用罚金减、免规则。但不适用罚金，又有悖于罪刑法定的刑罚原则。义务兵身份的特殊性，造成司法实践适用罚金标准不一，引起适用刑罚的不平等，加重义务兵家庭的经济负担，带来裁量中的虚判。针对这一问题，建议建立罚金刑易科军事自由刑制度，完善军事刑罚方式，规范义务兵适用罚金数额     

静态资源关系观及其批判

最近几十年里,关于人类资源关系的辩论越来越激烈。学者们大致形成了两个对立的流派。资源悲观主义认为,人类资源关系是零和的,一个人群消耗的资源增加了,其他群体可能得到的资源就会减少。因此,随着资源越来越匮乏,人类资源冲突会愈演愈烈。资源乐观主义认为,人类资源关系是非零和的,资源冲突能够避免。悲观主义和乐观主义尽管尖锐对立,但有共同缺陷——都是静态理论,对资源关系的解释力有限。对此,本文提出了动态的资源关系理论,能够更好地解释人类资源关系。