吉尔吉斯斯坦社会保障“名义账户制”运行10年经验与教训

10年前,吉尔吉斯斯坦在世界银行等国际经济组织的帮助下,对从苏联继承下来的传统社会养老制度进行了艰难的改革,其主要成绩是引入了名义账户制度.10年来,吉尔吉斯斯坦名义账户制度改革虽然暂时缓解了其经济和社会转型初期暴露的突出矛盾,但由于种种客观原因和制度设计问题,吉尔吉斯斯坦并没有从根本上解决社会养老体系内部存在的问题,名义账户制度运行存在许多制度障碍,改革不彻底,未来的政策改革仍然任重道远.     

日本茨城县农村生态文明建设

近年来,随着社会经济形势的不断变化,日本农村农业发生了巨大变化.日本政府相继颁布了<食料·农业·农村基本计划>、<经营所得安定对策等大纲>、<提高农·水·环境保护对策>等政策.茨城县政府(相当于中国的省级政府)也随之积极推行了农业改革,制定了<茨城县农业·农村振兴计划2006-2010>,并根据<第六次土地改良五年计划>,加快农村基本设施建设,增加耕地灌溉设施,同时全力支持有效利用农地、农业用水等自然资源的活动,重视农村的生态文明建设,以"创造美好的茨城--崭新的富裕,辉煌的明天"为基本理念,持续推进"建设充满活力的茨城农业·农村"的方针政策.……     

基于盈余和利润区分的农民专业合作社所得税和分配制度的重构

农民专业合作社以与社员进行交易的形式为社员提供服务,同时,合作社还可能与非社员进行交易.这两类交易产生的收益因具有不同的来源和性质,应区分为“盈余”和“利润”两个部分.盈余部分是基于财务核算的需要而多收的部分价款,故不应属于企业所得税的应税收入,应在提取公积金和公益金后,按照惠顾返还的形式进行分配;对利润部分应按照资本贡献进行分配,但应限制股息率,以保持农民专业合作社的特性.     

大鼠脑挫伤后脑C-FOS、AQP-4表达与损伤时间的关系

目的观察大鼠脑挫伤组织周围C-FOS、AQP-4表达的时序性变化规律,分析评价其在脑挫伤时间推断中的价值。方法采用自由落体撞击法建立SD大鼠开放性脑挫伤模型,于伤后0~168h不同时间点取挫伤区脑组织,应用HE染色及免疫组织化学染色方法,结合图像分析及统计学技术进行分析,并与假手术组和正常对照组进行比较。结果大鼠脑挫伤后0~168h时间内脑皮质挫伤区内C-FOS、AQP-4的表达随损伤时间的变化呈明显的时序性变化,C-FOS阳性表达于伤后12h、AQP-4阳性表达于伤后72h分别达高峰。根据实验组各时间点IOD值,分别建立根据C-FOS、AQP-4表达推断损伤时间的回归方程。结论脑挫伤部位C-FOS和AQP-4的表达规律在脑挫伤时间推断中有潜在的应用价值。     

一种新发现的鸭病毒性肿头出血症的研究

对 1998年以来在四川省、重庆市、贵州省和云南省等养鸭省份发生的一种以鸭头肿胀、眼结膜充血出血、全身皮肤广泛性出血、肝肿胀呈土黄色并伴有出血斑点、体温 4 3℃以上、排草绿色稀粪等为特征的急性传染病进行了流行病学调查、临床症状和病理变化观察、病理组织学检查、病原分离鉴定、人工感染试验、电镜观察、防治试验 ,确诊为一种新病 ,暂时将其命名为“鸭病毒性肿头出血症 (Duckviralswollenheadhaemorrhagicdisease)”。用鸭胚原代成纤维细胞自不同地区病死鸭分离到 12株抗原性一致的病毒 ,病毒粒子呈球形或椭圆形 ,直径约 80nm ,无囊膜 ,核酸为RNA ,不凝集鸡、鸭、鹅、鸽、黄牛、水牛及猪的红细胞 ,在 pH 4 .0～ 8.0稳定 ,对氯仿有抵抗力 ,与鸭瘟病毒和鸭病毒性肝炎病毒无抗原相关性 ,琼脂扩散试验证实与番鸭细小病毒、禽流感病毒、鸡传染性腔上囊病病毒、禽病毒性关节炎病毒和鹅副黏病毒无抗原相关性。分离毒经口服、皮下注射、肌肉注射和滴鼻途径感染鸭均能成功复制出与临床病例一致的症状和病变 ,而不能感染SPF鸡(鸡胚 )和鹅。制备的超免疫血清和康复鸭血清具有良好紧急预防和治疗效果 ,利用病死鸭内脏制备的组织灭活疫苗和分离毒制备的油剂灭活疫苗具有良好预防效果。根据分离病毒特性建议     

俄罗斯私有化——理想与现实的碰撞

上世纪90年代,俄罗斯为了改变经济停滞不前的现状,推行了大规模的私有化运动。然而,事与愿违,一方面,私有化导致出现的并不是改革者所设想的"外部人控股"而是"内部人控股"的企业治理结构;另一方面,私有化后,国有资产被少数金融寡头控制,导致普通民众产生了对私有化乃至整个经济转轨过程的抵触情绪,降低了人们对改革的认同度。各种利益集团都希望利用"私有化"提供的机会为自己多争得一份"苏联的遗产","私有化"一词在俄罗斯与"掠夺"和"盗窃"几乎成了同意词。因此,俄选择私有化进行经济转轨的现实与改革者的理想并不一致,它是一个由利益集团的相互冲突和妥协决定的动态过程。     

The Relationship Between Childhood Physical Abuse and Adult Attachment Styles

The purpose of the study was to identify the insecure adult attachment style associated with childhood physical abuse. Five hundred fifty-two female and 294 male university students completed questionnaires on their child abuse history, adult attachment style, and other variables. Regression analyses were completed. A history of physical abuse was associated with attachment avoidance while controlling for other forms of childhood abuse. Some support was also found for an association between physical abuse and attachment anxiety. Social support, as a control variable, was found to be an important predictor of attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety. A history of childhood physical abuse has important and specific impacts on intimate adult relationships with social support acting as a possible protective factor.     

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS IN CHINA

Chinese scholars have carried out studies on constitutional conventions from three perspectives. The first perspective is to study in general terrr~, that is, to touch upon this theme while studying the principles and basic theories of the Constitution. The second perspective is to study while researching comparative constitutions, especially the British Constitution. The third perspective is connected with studies on constitutional resources in China. Until now there is no monograph dedicated to this theme; it is mostly seen in academic papers, textbooks and works on basic theories. Traditional studies tend to be confined to e：,~emplifying constitutional conventions and approaching this theme from a mainly static perspective that emphasizes their form of expression of an unwritten Constitution and the complementary parts of a written Constitution. Relatively, studies on the manifestations, normative characteristics, origins and evolutionary rules, as well as those on the legal and social functions of constitutional conventions are weaker. This causes a lack of explanatory power with regard to all kinds of emerging constitutional conventions in the constitutional practice of different states. In recent years this picture has changed to some extent. Chinese scholars have begun to concentrate on the origins and evolutionary rules of constitutional conventions, trying to understand accurately its legal non＇nativity and political modesty, in order to get the essence of constitutional conventions. Main areas of study in this respect will be discussed below.     

REGULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY

This research is based on documentary research, with the purpose to gather information concerning the legal and regulatory environment, historical and legal background, as well as its current policy in Mexico, compared with other states, of the environmental damages in order to assess the Federal Law of Environmental Liability＇s suitability as a means of ensuring both, of obtaining the environmental damage repair, restitution or compensation; and the access to an adequate environment.