Policy Networks and Policy Learning UK Economic Policy in the 1960s and 1970s

Policy networks are advanced as an alternative to the Westminster model of the UK polity but the theory lacks an internal dynamic and has typological problems. This article applies Peter Hall's (1993) concept of 'social learning' to policy networks and maps the networks found in two case studies of British economic policy making: Hall's own study of the shift from Keynesianism to monetarism in the 1970s and the author's research on the advent of 'Keynesian-plus' in the early 1960s. The article advances three main propositions. Firstly, that integrating the concept of social learning can dynamize the policy network model. Secondly, the case studies suggest that different network configurations are associated with different orders of policy change but that Hall's definition of 'third order change' may be too restrictive. Thirdly, policy networks can be much more complex and fluid then is generally claimed, sometimes becoming so extensive that they might be termed a 'meta-network'.     

我国少年司法制度建设的重大突破

1月23日,最高人民法院在总结司法界审理未成年人刑事案件的成功经验和做法,吸收法学理论界有关未成年人刑事案件审理的丰硕研究成果的基础上,出台了“关于审理未成年人刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释”,对未成年人刑事案件审理中经常遇到的一些疑难问题予以了规范。该司法解释重申了在司法审判中对于审理未成年人刑事案件应当贯彻“教育、感化、挽救”的方针和“教育为主,惩罚为辅”的原则,明确了对于未成年人行为的定罪和犯罪后从轻处理的细化标准,作出了对于未成年人犯罪适用刑罚种类的特别规定。新的司法解释的问世,能够使案件的审…     

学生安全的学校责任和制度保障

学校的安全关系到学生的生命和财产安全、家庭的幸福乃至社会的稳定,因此始终是备受人们关注的大事。但一段时期以来,学校和学校周边环境安全以及学校组织的校内外活动安全暴露出来的问题非常尖锐和突出,学生重大伤亡事件频频发生,为此,不少学校注意抓了学校安全防范问题,但着眼点常常放在学生身上,总认为学生发生伤亡     

Credit cards and the forensic document examiner

Credit card fraud has spiraled to incredible heights. With this increase the requests for document analysis has also spiraled. The questioned document examiner is now confronted with a new medium of fraud, the credit card. Here handwriting comparisons alone are not sufficient. This paper examines the technical procedures used by the credit card industry as it applies to the questioned document examiner. It discusses the gamut of techniques from who makes the plastic to the finished card. Special attention is given to the manufacturers of embossers and imprinters.