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841.
David B. Estell Thomas W. Farmer Matthew J. Irvin Jana H. Thompson Bryan C. Hutchins Erin M. McDonough 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2007,36(4):477-487
The transition to high school has been identified as a potentially difficult time in adolescents’ lives. Reductions in both
academic and social functioning often accompany this transition. While these effects have been documented in urban youth,
the move to high school has not been extensively studied in rural minority youth. Toward that end, the academic grades and
substance use in ninth grade of 447 (184 male and 263 female) African-American adolescents from two rural counties in a state
in the deep South were examined in relation to configurations of adaptation from sixth through eighth grade. Results indicate
that individual with consistently positive patterns across middle school had higher grades and lower rates of substance use
compared to individuals with persistent difficulties or those that transitioned to problem behavior. Many individuals who
improved in their patterns of adaptation had relatively high grades, but also rather high rates of substance use in the ninth
grade.
David B. Estell is an assistant professor of educational psychology at Indiana University Bloomington. He received his PhD
in Developmental Psychology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His major research interests include peer
relations and the development of aggression.
Thomas W. Farmer is an associate professor of education at Pennsylvania State University and director of the National Research
Center on Rural Education Support. He received his PhD in Special Education from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
His major research interests include peer relations and the development of aggression in students with and without special
needs.
Matthew J. Irvin is a research scientist at the Center for Developmental Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill. He received his PhD in Educational Psychology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His major research
interests include resilience and student engagement.
Jana H. Thompson is a research associate at the Center for Developmental Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill. Her research interests include peer social relations and developmental transitions into early adolescence.
Bryan C. Hutchins is a research assistant at the Center for Developmental Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill. He is also a graduate student in the Educational Psychology, Measurement, and Evaluation Program at UNC. His research
interests include child and adolescent social development and school based emotional and behavioral interventions and prevention
programs.
Erin M. McDonough is currently a doctoral candidate in School Psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
She received her Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology from Emory University. As a research assistant at the Center for Developmental
Science, she has been able to explore her interests in student achievement as well as rural education. Another major research
interest of hers is school-based mental health. 相似文献
842.
J. M. Mond P. Marks P. J. Hay B. Rodgers C. Kelly C. Owen S. J. Paxton 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2007,36(6):753-762
This research examined the “mental health literacy” of adolescents concerning eating-disordered behavior. A vignette describing
a fictional 16-year old female meeting diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa was presented to 522 female high school students,
followed by a series of questions concerning treatment of and treatment-seeking for the problem described. Results indicated
that primary care practitioners, mothers and close female friends were most highly regarded as potential sources of help.
Self-help interventions, including the use of vitamins and minerals, were also highly regarded, whereas participants were
less positive about the benefits of mental health specialists and ambivalent about the use of anti-depressant medication.
Most participants believed that the problem described would be difficult to treat, and that relapse was likely even given
appropriate treatment. An additional finding of note was that among participants with a high level of eating disorder symptoms
(n=36, 6.9%), recognition of an eating problem was poor. We conclude that beliefs likely to be conducive to low and/or inappropriate
treatment-seeking for eating problems may be common among adolescent girls. In addition, the findings suggest that prevention
programs for the eating disorders need to target not only at-risk individuals, but also individuals in their immediate social
environment. 相似文献
843.
Christina J. Schneider 《Public Choice》2007,132(1-2):85-102
This paper examines discriminatory membership in the European Union from a game-theoretical perspective. I argue that discriminatory membership enables the enlargement of international organizations with heterogenous member states. EU members impose discriminatory measures on new members to redistribute enlargement gains from new members to particularly negatively affected EU members as to render expansion pareto-efficient. The empirical findings of a probit analysis on the EU accession negotiations and outcomes of all five EU enlargement rounds support the theoretical claim. The EU grants acceding states restricted membership rights if distributional conflicts emerge. Moreover, the candidate’s bargaining power and the possibility of alternative compensation schemes influence the enlargement outcomes. 相似文献
844.
This paper outlines the nature of the post World War II conflict between Israel and Palestine over land and borders. It demonstrates the weaknesses in the political systems of both countries that make it difficult to resolve outstanding differences. It examines the nature of bargaining costs, distinguishing clearly between the Coase and the Machiavelli theorem. It uses the hawk–dove game model to explain war and peace relationships between Israel and Palestine evident over the period 1948–2007. It evaluates the implications for the peace process of some future proliferation of nuclear arms that breaks Israeli nuclear hegemony in the Middle East. 相似文献
845.
A minimax procedure for electing committees 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A new voting procedure for electing committees, called the minimax procedure, is described. Based on approval balloting, it chooses the committee that minimizes the maximum Hamming distance to voters’ ballots, where these ballots are weighted by their proximity to other voters’ ballots. This minimax outcome may be diametrically opposed to the outcome obtained by aggregating approval votes in the usual manner, which minimizes the sum of the Hamming distances and is called the minisum outcome. The manipulability of these procedures, and their applicability when election outcomes are restricted in various ways, are also investigated. The minimax procedure is applied to the 2003 Game Theory Society election of a council of 12 new members from a list of 24 candidates. By rendering outlying voters less influential and not antagonizing any voters too much, it arguably would have produced a committee more representative of the interests of all voters than the minisum committee that was elected. 相似文献
846.
This issue of Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, isdevoted principally to the use of force, a topic that has dominatedacademic debate and preoccupied practitioners. For academics,the question is: what distinguishes police officers and theorganisations in which they operate from others, particularlythose growing legions of private security operatives, un-swornpolice auxiliaries, and sundry officials with law enforcementpowers? The orthodox answer is that the police enjoy a monopolyof legitimate force over their fellow citizens (a viewthat has its origins in the pioneering work of Bittner, 1970).That orthodoxy has increasingly been criticised in the faceof the obvious fact that bouncers, store detectives, securityguards of all kinds, and many others also exercise legitimateforce in ejecting drunken customers from pubs and clubs,apprehending shoplifters, and defending 相似文献
847.
CHRISTOPHER J. ANDERSON & JONAS PONTUSSON 《European Journal of Political Research》2007,46(2):211-235
Abstract. This article examines a model of the domestic political economy of subjective employment insecurity in advanced industrial societies. Based on data on people's attitudes toward their job as well as levels of and kinds of social protection collected in 15 OECD countries, it shows that there are distinct manifestations of job insecurity that are affected differently by distinct aspects of social protection programs. While the analysis shows that social protection measures reduce employment insecurity, it also reveals that overall levels welfare state generosity do not have any systematic effect on whether workers feel secure. The article's findings suggest the need to decompose the different components of employment insecurity as well as disaggregate national systems of social protection when examining the impact of welfare states on job insecurity. 相似文献
848.
Harold J. Bershady 《Society》2007,44(5):70-76
Detective stories take place mainly in two settings, constantly changing, many faceted big cities filled with strangers, and
stable, fairly homogeneous, innocent small towns whose members know one another. The differences in each clarify the qualities
of the other. In solving the mystery of the small town, the detective provides moral instruction and restores the town’s innocence.
In solving the mystery in the big city the detective reveals the city as part of the mystery and provides the reader with
temporary orientation to the city. Mysteries have grown with the growth of the cities and now appear in every country of the
world.
Harold J. Bershady is an emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania. His most recent book, edited with
Renée Fox and Victor Lidz, is After Parson: A Theory of Action for the 21st Century, published by Russell Sage Press, 2005. 相似文献
849.
Jeffery J. Mondak Edward G. Carmines Robert Huckfeldt Dona-Gene Mitchell Scot Schraufnagel 《American journal of political science》2007,51(1):34-48
Two features of citizen response to Congress can be taken as grounds for concern. First, Americans know relatively little about Congress, and especially about congressional procedures and policy output. Second, Congress typically emerges as the least respected political institution. Although these matters are troubling when viewed individually, more disturbing is the dilemma posed when knowledge and attitudes toward Congress are viewed in tandem. It appears that citizens who know Congress the best like Congress the least. Consequently, a sophisticated polity and a well-respected legislature seem fundamentally incompatible. This article seeks to resolve this dilemma, contending that there is nothing about knowledge per se that leads citizens to view Congress unfavorably. Rather, differences in knowledge levels alter the considerations citizens bring to bear when evaluating Congress, with the best-informed individuals constructing judgments on the basis of the most relevant Congress-specific criteria while less knowledgeable citizens employ readily available but more peripheral criteria. 相似文献
850.
Matthew J. Lebo Adam J. McGlynn Gregory Koger 《American journal of political science》2007,51(3):464-481
Why does the influence of Congressional parties fluctuate over time? Building on prevailing answers, we develop a model, Strategic Party Government, which highlights the electoral motives of legislative parties and the strategic interaction between parties. We test this theory using the entire range of House and Senate party behavior from 1789 to 2000 and find that the strategic behavior of parties complements members' preferences as an explanation for variation in party influence. Specifically, the strongest predictors of one party's voting unity are the unity of the opposing party and the difference between the parties in the preceding year. Moreover, we find strong links between party behavior in Congress and electoral outcomes: an increase in partisan influence on legislative voting has adverse electoral costs, while winning contested votes has electoral benefits. 相似文献