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991.
This article investigates three hypotheses suggested in the literature on women’s political empowerment, operationalized here
as increased legislative representation. These hypotheses are that (1) electoral systems manipulate women’s political empowernment;
(2) increased popular participation empowers women in particular; and (3) accumulated experience gained over several electoral
cycles facilitates increased political empowerment of women. In Africa, as well as in other parts of the world, majoritarian
systems discriminate against women, while the effect of large parties in proportional representation systems is more ambiguous,
and popular participation and repetitive electoral cycles are increasing women’s legislative representation. This article
demonstrates the value of studying gender relations under democratization, even with a narrow institutionalist focus using
an elitist perspective. Finally, it shows that institutions can travel over diverse contexts with constant effects.
Staffan I. Lindberg is a Ph.D. candidate at Lund University. He has published on state building, democratization, and clientilism.
From 1999 to 2001, he worked as an international consultant to Parliament in Ghana. His dissertation is on elections and the
stabilization of polyarchy in sub-Saharan Africa.
I would like to acknowledge the helpful comments from Goran Hyden, Andreas Schedler, Wynie Pankani, two anonymous reviewers,
and the editors of the journal. The content, of course, is the author’s sole responsibility. This research has been made possible
by Sida Grant No. SWE-1999-231. 相似文献
992.
Report on suicide with chloroquine in combination with maprotiline and trimipramine. Chloroquine and his metabolite monodesethylchloroquine could be determined in organs and body fluids. The highest organ-concentrations of chloroquine were found in liver and kidney. The survival time and dose are discussed. 相似文献
993.
Since carbon monoxide (CO) production after death was suggested in a drowned body, CO and carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) levels in blood and body cavity fluids of cadavers which were not exposed to fire and CO have been analyzed. CO released from the tissues was determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the total concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) was measured as cyanmethemoglobin (CNmHb). The HbCO level was calculated by the ratio of CO content and CO-binding capacity. CO levels (ml/100 g at STP) of the seven cases in which blood and body cavity fluids could be collected ranged from 0.13 to 0.87 in blood and 0.02 to 0.80 in body cavity fluids. HbCO levels in blood and body cavity fluids were from 0.3 to 6.0% and from 2.3 to 44.1%, respectively. In a typical case showing postmortem formation of CO, the CO levels in body cavity fluids were higher than that in blood. It is suggested that CO in a putrefied body is due to CO in blood prior to death and the CO formed by the decomposition of Hb, myoglobin and other substances during putrefaction. The significance of HbCO levels in body cavity fluids of cases with marked postmortem decomposition seems difficult to interpret without the value of HbCO in blood. 相似文献
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995.
I Root 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》1992,13(1):85-87
The problem of evaluating injury in childhood as to causation--accidental, inflicted or other--is compounded by conflicting literature. The child presenting with head injury following a short distance fall should be a source of alarm. Some of the key thoughts in the literature are evaluated with presentation of some additional observations, in an attempt to sort out some apparent conflicts. 相似文献
996.
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999.
Despite their political prominence, cabinet reshuffles have not attracted a great deal of scholarly attention. We provide a theory of cabinet reshuffles that emphasizes both systematic and time‐varying causes. In particular, we argue that prime ministers employ cabinet reshuffles to retain power in the face of both intraparty and electoral challenges to their leadership. We use repeated‐events duration models to examine the timing of cabinet reshuffles in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom in the period 1960–2001, and find support for several of our hypotheses. 相似文献
1000.