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651.
A survey of the prevalence of forced sexual intercourse reported rates approximately equivalent to those noted in other studies that used similar methods. Twenty-two investigations that measured the incidence and prevalence of forced sexual intercourse were reviewed. A comparison was made of the definitions presented, the sampling procedures, the time span of the studies, the geographic locations represented, and the reported rates of forced sexual intercourse. The comparison indicates that much of the variation in prevalence of forced, sexual intercourse can be attributed to variations in investigational methods. 相似文献
652.
Several North American studies have found a connection between domestic violence and animal abuse. This article reports on the first Australian research to examine this connection. A group of 102 women recruited through 24 domestic violence services in the state of Victoria and a nondomestic violence comparison group (102 women) recruited from the community took part in the study. Significantly higher rates of partner pet abuse, partner threats of pet abuse, and pet abuse by other family members were found in the violent families compared with the nondomestic violence group. As hypothesized, children from the violent families were reported by their mothers to have witnessed and committed significantly more animal abuse than children from the nonviolent families. Logistic regression analyses revealed, for the group as a whole, that a woman whose partner had threatened the pets was 5 times more likely to belong to the intimate partner violence group. 相似文献
653.
Repeat burglary victimisation: a tale of two theories 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Shane D. Johnson 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2008,4(3):215-240
Research consistently demonstrates that crime is spatially concentrated. Considering repeat burglary, studies conducted across
a variety of countries and for different periods of time demonstrate that events also cluster in time. Two theories have been
proposed to explain patterns of repeat victimisation. The first suggests that repeat victimisation is the consequence of a
contagion-like process. If a home has been burgled on one occasion, the risk to the home is boosted, most likely because offenders will return to exploit good opportunities further (e.g. to steal replaced items or those left
behind). In contrast, the second suggests that repeat victimisation may be explained by time-stable variation in risk across
homes and a chance process. Different offenders independently target attractive locations for which risk is flagged. Understanding the contribution of the two explanations is important for both criminological understanding and crime reduction.
Hitherto, research concerned with repeat victimisation has adopted a top-down methodology, analysing either victimisation
or offender data. In this paper, results are reported for a simple micro-simulation experiment used to examine patterns of
victimisation under conditions where the contributions of both theoretical mechanisms are varied. The findings suggest that
increasing the heterogeneity of target attractiveness can generate spatial concentrations of crime not dissimilar to those
discussed above, but that a contagion-like process is (also) required to generate the time course of repeat victimisation.
The implications of the findings are discussed.
Shane D. Johnson is a Reader at the University College London (UCL) Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science. He has a PhD and an MA in Psychology and a BSc in Computer Science. He has particular interests in the spatial and temporal distribution of crime, crime forecasting, computer simulation, evaluation methods, and design against crime. He has conducted work for a variety of sponsors, including the Arts and Humanities Research Council, the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council, and the Home Office, and he currently coordinates an international research network funded by the British Academy. He has published over 50 original research papers on a range of topics within the fields of criminology and forensic psychology in journals including the Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Criminology and Public Policy and the British Journal of Criminology. 相似文献
Shane D. JohnsonEmail: |
Shane D. Johnson is a Reader at the University College London (UCL) Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science. He has a PhD and an MA in Psychology and a BSc in Computer Science. He has particular interests in the spatial and temporal distribution of crime, crime forecasting, computer simulation, evaluation methods, and design against crime. He has conducted work for a variety of sponsors, including the Arts and Humanities Research Council, the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council, and the Home Office, and he currently coordinates an international research network funded by the British Academy. He has published over 50 original research papers on a range of topics within the fields of criminology and forensic psychology in journals including the Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Criminology and Public Policy and the British Journal of Criminology. 相似文献
654.
655.
This article provides an analysis of the ways in which the spatial and illocutionary requirements of English marriage law – which regulate the spaces in which marriages may be solemnized and the words the parties being married must speak – have been used to maintain distinctions between same‐sex and opposite‐sex couples. It shows how religious opponents of same‐sex partnership recognition have relied upon historically entrenched differences between the spatial and illocutionary aspects of ‘civil marriage’ and ‘religious marriage’ to argue in favour of the enactment of law that enables organized religions to exclude same‐sex couples from religious premises and ceremonies that are open to opposite‐sex couples for the purpose of solemnizing marriage. It extends recent international debates about how faith‐based discrimination against same‐sex couples is accommodated by legislators and legitimized by law, and concludes with a consideration of how English law could be amended to end discrimination based on sexual orientation. 相似文献
656.
Why do voters reward or punish the incumbent government? A number of studies show that economic performance often drives support, though the strength of this relationship is often conditional. This article suggests that economic voting may also be conditioned by the breaking and keeping of campaign promises. A number of presidents throughout Latin America have campaigned explicitly against neoliberal economic policies, only to pursue them aggressively once in office. This study argues that presidents who abandon their promises assert the executive's responsibility for the economy and raise the salience of economic issues in the next election. Consequently, voters respond rationally to these policy switches, rewarding them when they succeed and punishing them when they fail. Using data from 78 presidential elections across 18 countries, this study finds substantial evidence that broken promises exacerbate the consequences of poor economic performance and magnify the benefits of good economic performance. 相似文献
657.
Fiona Buick Deborah Blackman Samantha Johnson 《Australian Journal of Public Administration》2018,77(2):222-235
Change efforts frequently fail to achieve their desired outcome with failure often attributed to employee resistance to change. Literature on resistance indicates it can emerge from ineffective change management. This article argues that change management could be improved through middle managers actively undertaking a change intermediary role, thereby enabling employees to make sense of, and reframe, the change. Qualitative data is used to explore the extent to which middle managers had the capacity and support necessary to effectively implement change. The article concludes by proposing that managers who are actively engaged change agents, who frame and make sense of the change with employees, can reduce resistance. However, for this to be realised, organisations need to actively support the systematic development of middle management change management capabilities. 相似文献
658.
Pauline Johnson 《Journal of Political Ideologies》2017,22(1):74-91
It might seem that Herbert Marcuse was right: leftist politics can no longer avoid the challenge of devising its own positive normative grounds. The neoliberal political rationality that is now hegemonic must be taken on by a new imaginary: radical, leftist and democratic. This article explores what major theories about new populism have to offer to a radical leftist attempt to reinvent itself. The regeneration of populist movements across the globe appears to offer signposts to guide a new radical politics. Yet I argue that populism is no ideologically empty mobilizing strategy able to be harnessed to all manner of political purposes. Embedded in its demagogic form are key presumptions about the character of democratic justification that collude with a neoliberal political project. Theories of new populism help us to shed light, instead, on the challenges that face the Left in its own self-reconstitution amidst liberal democratic crisis. Circumspection concerning the ideological load that is carried by a populist rendering of democratic politics needs to be united with an insight into how the rise of populism itself issues a warning about aspects of a social democratic past that cannot be reclaimed unchanged. 相似文献
659.
This study was undertaken to test if precautionary drinking behaviors can be associated with reduced risk of violent victimization. Some studies have shown that these behaviors (e.g. limiting alcohol intake, eating before or during drinking, and having friends close by) reduce the negative consequences of drinking, but very few have focused on criminal victimization. National College Health Assessment data from 20121 were utilized to examine the association between precautionary drinking behavior and violent victimization (physical assault or verbal threat), controlling for demographic and risky lifestyle factors. Regression analyses found that precautionary drinking behavior reduced the odds of victimization only among men who frequently drink. In this same group being “single” increased risk. Other variables were consistent predictors: drug use, multiple sex partners, mental health disorder, and first year student status. Binge drinking and having a disability were also frequent predictors. Finally, Black women but not men were more likely to be victimized. These results suggest that the risky or protective nature of types of drinking behaviors is gendered and taking precautions is especially important for men who drink frequently. 相似文献
660.
Johnson Oluwole Ayodele 《Victims & Offenders》2017,12(4):566-586
Nonreporting practices have significant effects on public safety, yet the scientific community knows little about the reasons that predispose victims towards nonreporting in Lagos, Nigeria. The author examined the reasons using qualitative methods, and used a purposive sampling technique to select participants. Data were content analyzed. The findings indicated that economic and sociocultural considerations account for nonreporting among victims. The study concluded that numerous economic and sociocultural reasons including poverty, police extortion, and taboos explain nonreporting among victims, and suggests that the government should strengthen families and schools to transmit reporting values to children for safer communities in Lagos, Nigeria. 相似文献