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51.
52.
Purpose
The purpose of this systematic literature review is to assess the effectiveness of substance abuse treatment on alcohol and marijuana use for juvenile offenders based on existing quasi-experimental and experimental research. Additionally, a secondary aim is to compare the effects of individual-based interventions to family-based interventions.Methods
A systematic search of literature and electronic databases through 2010 generated five experimental or quasi-experimental studies that assessed alcohol outcomes for juvenile offenders and five experimental or quasi-experimental studies that assessed marijuana outcomes for juvenile offenders.Results
Overall, substance abuse treatment appears to have a small to moderate effect on alcohol and marijuana reduction for juvenile offenders. Interventions that showed the most promise were Multisystemic Therapy, Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care, Teaching Family, and Life Skills Training. Individual-based interventions and family-based interventions had similar small to moderate effects on alcohol and marijuana use.Conclusion
This review highlights several promising interventions for this high-risk population; however, further rigorous study is desperately needed to provide a better understanding of what works best in reducing substance use among juvenile offenders. 相似文献53.
Anne Powell Williford Daniel Brisson Kimberly A. Bender Jeffrey M. Jenson Shandra Forrest-Bank 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(6):644-655
The developmental period characterized by the transition from childhood and elementary school to early adolescence and middle
school has been associated with increases in aggressive behavior and peer victimization. Few longitudinal studies, however,
have examined the stability of aggression and victimization during this critical transition. This study uses latent class
analysis (LCA) to examine patterns of aggressive behavior and victimization during the transition to middle school among urban,
public school students (N = 458; Girls = 53%; Latino/a = 53%; M age at t1 = 10.2 years). Independent LCA models were conducted using self-reported data assessing subjects’ involvement in
aggressive conduct and victimization during the spring semesters of grades four, five, and six. Elementary school students
in the fourth grade initially belonged to one of four groups identified as aggressor, victim, aggressor-victim, and uninvolved
latent classes. Contrary to prior research, membership in these classes changed significantly by the time students completed
their first year of middle school with most youth participating in episodes of aggression and victimization during the transition.
Six common paths that describe patterns of aggressive behavior and victimization from the last two years of elementary school
to the first year of middle school were found. Findings are discussed in the context of social dominance theory and prior
research that has found greater stability in aggression and victimization among early adolescents. 相似文献
54.
This study develops and tests a model of economic deprivation and crime using data from 52 nations for the years 1995–1999.
The model, centering on the role of absolute and relative economic deprivation in mediating crime, predicts that social change
causes variation in economic deprivation, which, in turn, leads to variation in crime rates. The results show that the relative
deprivation variable, income inequality, mediates a large portion of the effects of two social change variables, population
growth and urbanization, on homicide, while one of the absolute deprivation variables, GDP, transmits a great part of the
effects of social change variables on theft. Both social change variables were found to have a weak direct connection to homicide
and theft rates. Implications for policy and future research are discussed. 相似文献
55.
Ivan Y. Sun Yuning Wu Lanying Huang Yushen Lin Jessica C. M. Li Mingyue Su 《Journal of family violence》2012,27(2):133-144
While a large amount of research has been conducted in the West on domestic violence related issues, only a small number of
studies have focused specifically on Chinese societies. Using survey data collected from Beijing, Hong Kong, and Taipei, this
study compares college students’ preferences for traditional and proactive police intervention into domestic violence and
assesses the determinants of such preferences in the three Chinese societies. The findings indicate that Hong Kong students
showed the highest level of support for traditional police response, followed by students in Beijing and Taipei, while students
in Taipei displayed the strongest preference for proactive police response, followed by students in Hong Kong and Beijing.
College students’ preferences for traditional police response were shaped mainly by their locality, whereas their preferences
for proactive police intervention were influenced chiefly by their attitudes toward violence and gender roles. Directions
for future research are discussed. 相似文献
56.
57.
Analysis of artificially degraded DNA using STRs and SNPs--results of a collaborative European (EDNAP) exercise 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Dixon LA Dobbins AE Pulker HK Butler JM Vallone PM Coble MD Parson W Berger B Grubwieser P Mogensen HS Morling N Nielsen K Sanchez JJ Petkovski E Carracedo A Sanchez-Diz P Ramos-Luis E Briōn M Irwin JA Just RS Loreille O Parsons TJ Syndercombe-Court D Schmitter H Stradmann-Bellinghausen B Bender K Gill P 《Forensic science international》2006,164(1):33-44
Recently, there has been much debate about what kinds of genetic markers should be implemented as new core loci that constitute national DNA databases. The choices lie between conventional STRs, ranging in size from 100 to 450 bp; mini-STRs, with amplicon sizes less than 200 bp; and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). There is general agreement by the European DNA Profiling Group (EDNAP) and the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) that the reason to implement new markers is to increase the chance of amplifying highly degraded DNA rather than to increase the discriminating power of the current techniques. A collaborative study between nine European and US laboratories was organised under the auspices of EDNAP. Each laboratory was supplied with a SNP multiplex kit (Foren-SNPs) provided by the Forensic Science Service, two mini-STR kits provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and a set of degraded DNA stains (blood and saliva). Laboratories tested all three multiplex kits, along with their own existing DNA profiling technique, on the same sets of degraded samples. Results were collated and analysed and, in general, mini-STR systems were shown to be the most effective. Accordingly, the EDNAP and ENFSI working groups have recommended that existing STR loci are reengineered to provide smaller amplicons, and the adoption of three new European core loci has been agreed. 相似文献
58.
Preparation of degraded human DNA under controlled conditions 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
DNA typing through analysis of short tandem repeats (STRs) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing are the common methods for the forensic identification of persons and reconstruction of kinship, especially when skeletal human remains have to be analyzed. Furthermore, samples typically found at crime scenes may be both quantitatively and qualitatively inadequate since they may contain very scarce and often degraded DNA due to exposure to heat, light, humidity, and microorganisms. In order to improve the performance of STR typing technology in those cases where DNA availability is limited, it would be desirable to have a source of degraded DNA with known properties. For this purpose, we have developed a method to prepare artificially degraded DNA under controlled conditions. By treatment of genomic DNA with sonication and DNAse I we have produced DNA fragments within a defined range of lengths. STR typing of this degraded DNA with a commercially available multiplex kit could only produce partial profiles as indicated by the absence of STR alleles with sizes >200 bp. This artificially degraded DNA can be used for the improvement and standardization of STR typing protocols when only highly degraded DNA is available for analysis. 相似文献
59.
60.
Ivan Kozachenko 《Communist and Post》2019,52(1):1-10
This paper focuses on the use of Soviet-era symbols, myths, and narratives within groups on VKontakte social media site over the initial stage of the Ukraine crisis (2014–2015). The study is based on qualitative content analysis of online discussions, visual materials, and entries by group administrators and commentators. It also applies link-analysis in order to see how groups on social media are interrelated and positioned online. It reveals that these online groups are driven primarily by neo-Soviet myths and hopes for a new version of the USSR to emerge. Over time, the main memory work in these groups shifted from Soviet nostalgia and “pragmatic” discourse to the use of re-constructed World War II memories in order to justify Russian aggression and to undermine national belonging in Ukraine. Reliance on the wartime mythology allowed for the labelling of Euromaidan supporters as “fascists” that should be eliminated “once again.” This powerful swirl of re-created Soviet memories allowed effective mobilization on the ground and further escalation of the conflict from street protests to the armed struggle. 相似文献