Bibliography

This bibliography includes publications which have come to noticefrom September-November 1946 and has been prepared in collaborationwith Professor T. Heyse (Belgian Ministry of Colonies), MissR. Jones (International African Institute), Professor E. Ruffini(Italian Embassy, London), and Miss M. Sinclair (InternationalReview of Missions).     

THE ARTIFACT ISSUE IN DETERRENCE RESEARCH

The often-observed negative correlation between crime rates and estimates of the objective certainty of a legal punishment is interpreted by some as support for the deterrence doctrine. Others, however, characterize the correlation as inherently artifactual because the variables being correlated have a common term (number of crimes is the numerator of the crime rate and the denominator of the objective certainty variable). Still others argue that the correlation is not inherently artifactual but is nevertheless spurious because of measurement error. This paper shows that the negative correlation is not inherently artifactual and provides evidence to support the measurement error interpretation. Unfortunately, however, there is no definitive way to demonstrate whether the negative correlation between the crime rate and the objective certainty of punishment rejects deterrence or merely measurement error.     

Discretion to Use Rules: Individual Interests and Collective Welfare in School Admissions

This article examines the approaches of British education authorities towards school admission decisions. Two models of case-level decision making in social programs are developed— the individual client orientation which focuses on using discretion to adapt decisions to the needs and choices of particular clients and the collective welfare orientation which emphasizes developing bureaucratic rules and procedures to decide cases efficiently. Education authorities use their discretion about how to decide school admissions to adopt primarily collective welfare approaches. Their emphasis on efficient rules and procedures continue even after parents are given rights of school choice that require an individualized examination of each parent's request. In the conclusion, the persistence of the primarily collective welfare orientations in school admissions is used to examine the pressures towards similar orientations that exist in all social programs.     

Bibliography

This bibliography includes publications which have come to noticefrom December, 1946-February, 1947, and has been prepared incollaboration with Miss R. Fones (International African Institute).M. C. Laroche (Mimstere de la France d'utre-Mer) and ProfessorT. Heyse (Belgian Ministry of Colonies) have kindly suppliedinformation regarding French and Belgian publications.     

SUBSTANCE USE‐INDUCED DIMINUTION OF VIOLENCE: A COUNTERVAILING EFFECT IN LONGITUDINAL PERSPECTIVE*

Although the literature supports a positive association between substance use and violence, scattered reports suggest a basis for predicting an inverse relationship. Using panel data (N = 2, 222) from subjects tested during early adolescence and three years later, we estimate structural equation models that specify within‐wave relationships between substance use and violence constructs, stability of these constructs over time, and lagged effects of each construct on the other. As hypothesized, net of the within‐wave positive relationships, substance use was inversely related to later violence. The findings support theoretical orientations that accommodate motivation to use substances to assuage distressful self‐feelings (including those that instigate violence).