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This article attempts to illustrate the utility of isoquant map analysis from the field of production theory in microeconomics for the analysis of criminal justice data. Cross-national comparisons of aggregate crime and justice data are used to demonstrate the ability of this technique to reveal important patterns that are often obscured by simple rate comparisons and multivariate treatments such as pooled time-series analysis. For each jurisdiction, aggregate trends in criminal justice processing rates are systematically analyzed as a sequence of two-input production processes: gross imprisonment rates (prison population divided by resident population) can be partitioned in terms of the crime rate and punitiveness (prison population divided by the number of offenses); punitiveness can, in turn, be partitioned in terms of severity and certainty of punishment; certainty of punishment can then be partitioned, seriatim, in terms of the incarceration rate, the conviction rate, and the arrest or clearance rate and the rate at which citizens report crimes. Cross-national data collected by Farrington, Langan, and Wikström are used to illustrate the utility of the method for displaying comparisons of the decomposition of aggregate criminal justice data for the United States, England, and Sweden. 相似文献
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W Q Sturner H J Lynch M H Deng R E Gleason R J Wurtman 《Forensic science international》1990,45(1-2):171-180
To examine a possible relationship between pineal function and the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), samples of whole blood, ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/or vitreous humor (VH) were obtained at autopsy from 68 infants (45 male, 23 female) whose deaths were attributed to either SIDS (n = 32, 0.5-5.0 months of age; mean +/- S.E.M., 2.6 +/- 0.2 months) or other causes (non-SIDS, n = 36, 0.3-8.0 months of age 4.3 +/- 0.3 months). The melatonin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. A significant correlation was observed for melatonin levels in different body fluids from the same individual. After adjusting for age differences, CSF melatonin levels were significantly lower among the SIDS infants (91 +/- 29 pmol/l; n = 32) than among those dying of other causes (180 +/- 27; n = 35, P less than 0.05). A similar, but non-significant trend was also noted in blood (97 +/- 23, n = 30 vs. 144 +/- 22 pmol/l, n = 33) and vitreous humor (68 +/- 21, n = 10 vs. 81 +/- 17 pmol/l, n = 15). These differences do not appear to be explainable in terms of the interval between death and autopsy, gender, premortem infection or therapeutic measures instituted prior to death. Diminished melatonin production may be characteristic of SIDS and could represent an impairment in the maturation of physiologic circadian organization. 相似文献
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EDA for HLM: Visualization when Probabilistic Inference Fails 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
e-mail: jwbowers{at}umich.edu (corresponding author) e-mail: kwdrake{at}umich.edu Nearly all hierarchical linear models presented to politicalscience audiences are estimated using maximum likelihood undera repeated sampling interpretation of the results of hypothesistests. Maximum likelihood estimators have excellent asymptoticproperties but less than ideal small sample properties. Multilevelmodels common in political science have relatively large samplesof units like individuals nested within relatively small samplesof units like countries. Often these level-2 samples will beso small as to make inference about level-2 effects uninterpretablein the likelihood framework from which they were estimated.When analysts do not have enough data to make a compelling argumentfor repeated sampling based probabilistic inference, we showhow visualization can be a useful way of allowing scientificprogress to continue despite lack of fit between research designand asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood estimators. 相似文献
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Given growing concerns about the loss of farmland in the US, governmental and nonprofit groups are seeking innovative, cost-effective
methods to preserve lands that will elicit additional landowner participation. This article describes four innovative farmland
preservation techniques and derives implications for the policy process through interviews of key stakeholders: program administrators,
lawmakers, and landowners. Experts on farmland preservation were also interviewed to ensure stakeholder perceptions substantively
inform the policy process. Four techniques were selected for assessment from approximately 30 novel techniques. Reactions
to these policy options reflect stakeholder perceptions of a baseline condition; the perceptions help evaluate which options
are likely to survive the policy process and what attributes will lead to their acceptability because few of these techniques
have yet become policy. Although the stakeholders may have more limited experience with the policy process, land preservation
experts validated many of the results and the possibility of success in the “rough and tumble” of the policy process. Of the
four investigated techniques rights of first refusal was the most favored, although respondents thought effective implementation
would require careful targeting and a dedicated funding source. Experts agreed this technique was most likely to survive in
the political arena. Agricultural conservation pension was also viewed favorably, though it was considered administratively
difficult to implement. Several experts thought that, though inchoate, the pension plan could potentially be more cost effective
than rights of first refusal. Land preservation tontines were perceived to be an interesting concept, but confusing, difficult
to implement, and ill-defined. Term conservation easements were viewed unfavorably because they did not preserve land permanently.
相似文献
Lori LynchEmail: |
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This paper discusses the Coordinated Family Dispute Resolution (family mediation) process piloted in Australia in 2010–2012. This process was evaluated by the Australian Institute of Family Studies as being ‘at the cutting edge of family law practice’ because it involves the conscious application of mediation where there has been a history of family violence, in a clinically collaborative multidisciplinary and multi-agency setting. The Australian government's failure to invest resources in the ongoing funding of this model jeopardises the safety and efficacy of family dispute resolution practice in family violence contexts, and compromises the hearing of the voices of family violence victims and their children. 相似文献
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J.C. Gaillard Jake Rom Cadag Anthony Gampell Katherine Hore Loic Le Dé Alice McSherry 《Development in Practice》2016,26(8):998-1012
This article discusses the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of quantitative participatory methods and participatory numbers for integrating locals’ and outsiders’ knowledge, as well as actions from the bottom-up and top-down, in development. It places emphasis on the contribution of quantitative participatory methods and participatory numbers to foster dialogue between a wide range of stakeholders, for example, local people, NGOs, government agencies and scientists, who usually seldom directly engage with each other. The article draws on case studies that discuss remittances and disasters in Samoa, and disaster risk reduction in the Philippines. 相似文献