The Citizen Soldier and Democratic Societies: A Comparative Analysis of America's Revolutionary and Civil Wars

This paper reviews and criticizes the argument that citizens should take active responsibility for and be willing to sacrifice their life to establish and protect a liberal democratic social order. The argument is faulted for assuming that the key for good democracy is to get people to accept their responsibilities, in particular, their responsibility to be citizen soldiers. It is at least as important to ask how the service of citizen soldiers is connected with the constitution of democratic society. The argument is also faulted for ignoring that democratic societies vary in form and virtue and that it is necessary to explain when citizen soldiers will promote the establishment of one kind of democracy or another. To correct these deficiencies, a theory is offered that ties the service of citizen soldiers during war to the quality of democratic society through the allocation and routinization of charisma. The theory is illustrated by a comparative historical analysis of American experience during its Revolutionary and Civil Wars.     

Valence Politics and Equilibrium in Spatial Election Models

Spatial models of two-party or two-candidatecompetition almost never have pure-strategy Nashequilibria when the issue space has more than onedimension. This paper shows that the introduction ofvalence issues can create conditions where equilibriaexist, even in a multidimensional setting. We derivesufficient conditions for the existence of equilibria,and characterize the spatial locations of twocompeting parties or candidates when such equilibriaexist. The party with the advantage on the valencedimension will generally take a moderate position onthe positional issues. We consider the implications ofthese results for public perceptions of the parties,incumbency advantages, and realigning elections.     

The Benefits and Threats of PBB: An Assessment of Modern Reform

PBB is more vulnerable to threats from fraud, falsification, and misrepresentation than were previous budgeting systems Vulnerability grows from complexity, dependence on performance data, year-to-year changes in strategic focus, and the great expansion of the numbers of kinds of specialists involved in the process It appears to grow out of PBB's widely recognized benefits Transparency has been put forward as the primary protective device against threats to PBB; however, this has problems with both definition and operationalization. The fix may be a number of coordinated measures, most importantly the inculcation of sound ethical standards throughout an organization using PBB