警察自由裁量权及其正当性

警察自由裁量权是警察权主体依法享有的根据客观情况作出灵活抉择的权力。警察自由裁量权是警察权必不可少的组成部分,是警察权运行和目的实现的必要载体。警察自由裁量权包含丰富的内容,表现出多种样态。警察自由裁量权具有正当性。其正当性的获得除了与一般行政自由裁量权有诸多共性的逻辑和客观基础外,更是源自国家固有权力的警察权与形式法治之间博弈的结果,是警察权价值诉求及其实现法治意义上目的的内在要求,在根本上则来源于社会现实的需要。     

Determination of the Lewis blood group substances in stains of forensically relevant body fluids

Forensic investigations often demand a clear definition of secretor status. Lewis-typing of secretion stains may help to verify non-secretor results and to identify mixtures of secretions from Le (a-b-) persons and secretors (or non-secretors). Furthermore it gives an additional check on secretor status, determined by ABO-grouping. Few problems may arise, when testing prepared saliva or semen stains. Therefore our interest was focussed on the possibility of Lewis-typing in stains appearing in forensic case work such as cigarette tips, stamps and envelope flaps, semen stains and vaginal swabs, nasal secretion, sweat and urine stains. All stains with the exception of sweat and urine were successfully Lewis-typed. In saliva stains Lewis substances could be determined even after 5 years and in semen stains for at least up to 40 days.     

证人宣誓制度的哲理化构建

证人宣誓制度同时具有仪式化与法律化的双重结构和价值，发挥着仪式化、法律化的预防功能和惩罚功能，而上述基础和功能在当下中国是残缺不全甚至完全阙如的。故此，我们不倡导仓促建立西方标准意义上的证人宣誓制度，仅建议将司法解释中现有的证人签署“如实作证保证书”的制度加以完善，增设“签署并当庭宣读如实作证保证书”的立法规定。     

Screening for barbiturates in vitreous humor by the EMIT-st serum enzyme immunoassay

In 16 medical examiner's cases, which were found to be barbiturate-positive by thin-layer chromatographic screening of the liver, blood barbiturate concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. The corresponding vitreous humor samples were screened by the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique, the EMIT-st serum barbiturate assay. By using the recommended dilution for detecting serum barbiturates, it was possible to detect barbiturates in vitreous humor at a toxic concentration. By using one fourth the amount of diluent, the barbiturates could be detected also at a therapeutic concentration. The EMIT-st assay proved to be useful in the screening for barbiturates in vitreous humor, a material that is readily available in forensic toxicology.     

额尔古纳地区东正教：活动场所及相应活动

东正教是基督教三大教派之一，额尔古纳地区无论过去还是现在都是中国东正教徒分布最为集中的地区。该地区历史上一共建有21座东正教堂，但这些教堂在“文革”期间全部被毁。鉴于没有教堂这一事实，当代额尔古纳地区俄罗斯族的东正教活动主要是在其他形式的活动场所进行。这些场所包括居家的主室、山顶上的十字架、祈祷所和汉族民间信仰活动场所——龙王庙等，而每一种场所都对应有若干特定的活动。     

Peak blood-ethanol concentration and the time of its occurrence after rapid drinking on an empty stomach

Healthy men, 20 to 60 years old, drank a moderate dose of ethanol in the morning after an overnight fast. They consumed either neat whisky in amounts corresponding to 0.34, 0.51, 0.68, 0.85, or 1.02 g of ethanol per kilogram of body weight or 0.80 g/kg ethanol solvent diluted with orange juice. The peak blood-ethanol concentration (BEC) increased with the dose administered, but the time required to reach the peak was not markedly influenced over the range of doses studied. At a dose of 0.68 g/kg, the peak BEC ranged from 52 to 136 mg/dL (N = 83), and slow absorption (a late-occurring peak) produced a lower peak BEC. The peak BEC was reached between 0 and 45 min for 77% of the subjects (N = 152) and between 0 and 75 min for 97% of them. The time of peaking in venous blood occurred, on average, 10 min later than in capillary (fingertip) blood although the peak BEC was not appreciably different; the mean venous BEC was 97.0 mg/dL (range, 76 to 112 mg/dL), and the mean capillary BEC was 99.6 mg/dL (range, 75 to 123 mg/dL). When subjects drank 0.80 g/kg ethanol diluted with orange juice over 30 min, the average BEC increment between the end of drinking and the peak was 33 mg/dL (range, 0 to 58 mg/dL). The rate of absorption of ethanol was 1.78 mg/dL/min (range, 0.52 to 4.8 mg/dL/min), and the peak BEC occurred within 60 min after the end of drinking in 92% of the trials. The largest BEC increment (mean, 21 mg/dL; range, 0 to 44 mg/dL) was seen during the first 15 min after the drinking period.