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131.
It is a vast understatement to say that the problem of access to medicines in developing countries is complex. Access is limited by a range of factors including inability to pay, a lack of infrastructure, and corruption in some countries. Surrounding and exacerbating these structural and technological problems is the layer of legal rights created by patents and their licensing that complicate and render more expensive the preparation and delivery of needed medicines, particularly those that need to be adapted to the social, health and cultural environment of developing countries. This article provides a survey of innovative strategies that aim at maximizing the potential of patents to facilitate the development and delivery of medicines against diseases, the burden of which falls principally on developing country populations. To understand the context in which these strategies are being proposed and implemented, the article reviews the battles over access to medicines beginning in the late 1980s. It then surveys some of the principal suggestions put forward to better direct innovation systems in addressing the critical health needs of the world’s majority including advance market commitments, patent buy‐outs, prize funds, public–private partnerships and patent pools. 相似文献
132.
The present study aims to contribute to the existing policy transfer research by examining the immature policy environments of post‐communist countries. To determine the main factors explaining the process of policy transfer, the establishment of probation systems in Estonia and Latvia is analyzed by applying a comparative case study design. The study demonstrates that timing is an important variable in the policy transfer in a transitional setting. A transitional context in itself is likely to lead to policy transfer because of urgent decision‐making needs, a shortage of domestic expertise and of financial resources. The process of policy transfer can be characterized as quite fortuitous: the choice of role models is limited to the existing or first contacts with foreign partners who are able to provide financial assistance. Improvement of administrative capacity is seen as a key factor in the shift from haphazard policy copying to responsible policy transfer. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
133.
Predispositions and orientation toward cooperation or competition with other jurisdictions can play a critical role in implementing regional collaboration. By examining collaboration at the micro level, this article investigates how individual factors, including perceptions of cooperation and competition, as well as institutional and environmental factors, are related to regional collaboration. In particular, the authors assert that competitive motivation may support the emergence of regional governance mechanisms. This article explores the relationships between competitive/cooperative motivations and interlocal collaboration networks based on a network survey conducted in the Orlando, Florida, metropolitan area. The authors apply a quadratic assignment procedure regression analysis to examine how dyadic conceptual ties of cooperation and competition, along with the effect of community characteristics, affect policy network structures for economic development. By comparing estimated coefficients with sampling distributions of coefficients from all of the permuted data sets, the regression results indicate the influences of perceived competition/cooperation on the network exchange. 相似文献
134.
BEBHINN DONNELLY‐LAZAROV 《Ratio juris》2011,24(3):284-303
Jurisprudential debate about the grounds of law often focuses on the status of morality. Given the undoubted fact of judicial engagement with morality in legal reasoning, the key question is whether morality legitimately counts as a ground of law. This article seeks to challenge the special status accorded to morality in debates about the grounds of law. The claim I seek to advance is that very often judicial engagement with morality is not different in kind to judicial engagement with other diverse objects of legal reasoning. What the comparison tends to show is that instances of “moral reasoning” in law do not obviously challenge our account of the grounds of law. Rather these instances can be viewed as central case examples of legal reasoning. Conventional grounds of law are left untouched. 相似文献
135.
Amanda Moore McBride Ernest Gonzales Nancy Morrow‐Howell Stacey McCrary 《Public administration review》2011,71(6):850-858
What is the role of stipends as an institutional facilitator in volunteer civic service? By examining the relationship of stipend receipt to volunteer diversity, time commitment, and perceived benefits from a longitudinal study of older adults serving in Experience Corps, this article assesses stipend status relative to volunteer sociodemographic characteristics, motivations, intensity and duration of time served, and volunteers’ self‐reported benefits. The findings underscore how stipends may promote participant diversity. In particular, stipended older adult volunteers serve for longer periods of time, but their motivations for serving do not differ. Stipended volunteers report higher perceived benefits than nonstipended volunteers. The results suggest that stipends may leverage wider inclusion, increase retention, and contribute to other benefits, but additional research is needed using more controlled and comparative designs. 相似文献
136.
The inclusion of marginal groups is increasingly becoming part of contemporary governance. Critical appraisals categorize inclusionary mechanisms either as politically transformative or as regulative and part of the state's broader agenda of social control. In this article, we argue against both these positions and propose instead that inclusion is simultaneously regulative and transformative, that is, it is practiced in a state of—what Chantal Mouffe calls—“productive tension.” The article is divided into two parts: the first critically examines the theoretical literature on the tensions written into inclusive practices. The second part illustrates productive tensions in the case of inclusive strategies between ethnic/migrant groups and the government in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The article urges the reconceptualization of tensions and contradictions as part of the broader contours of contemporary radical democracy wherein erasures, assimilations, resistance, and transformations exist simultaneously. La inclusión de grupos marginados se está convirtiendo cada vez más en parte de la gobernabilidad contemporánea. Algunas evaluaciones críticas categorizan a los mecanismos de inclusión como políticamente transformadores o como reguladores y parte de un programa de control social más amplio por parte del estado. En este artículo argumentamos en contra de ambas posiciones y proponemos que la inclusión es simultáneamente regulativa y transformadora, es decir, es practicada en un estado de—lo que Chantall Mouffe llama—“tensión productiva.” El artículo es dividido en dos partes: la primera examina de manera crítica la literatura teórica de las tensiones que acompañan las prácticas de inclusión. La segunda ilustra las tensiones productivas en el caso de las estrategias de inclusión entre grupos étnicos/migrantes y el gobierno de Aotearoa/Nueva Zelanda. El artículo urge a la reconceptualización de las tensiones y contradicciones como parte de un entorno más amplio de la democracia radical contemporánea en donde el rechazo, asimilación, resistencia y transformación coexisten simultáneamente. 相似文献
137.
MARCOS SANSO‐NAVARRO 《Journal of common market studies》2011,49(2):463-483
The decision of the United Kingdom not to adopt the common European currency can be understood as a policy intervention in a single country within the European Union. The aim of this article is to analyse the consequences of this decision on the foreign direct investment received by this country. This is done by the application of a synthetic control method designed for policy evaluation. As a result, evidence of a significant cost in terms of inward foreign direct investment from the United States is obtained. 相似文献
138.
Mohammed Abu‐Nimer 《和平与变革》2011,36(4):556-580
Religious leaders have an important role to play in initiating, implementing, and monitoring peace processes and activities in the Israeli‐Palestinian context of conflict and peace. In the past two decades, there have been significant developments in the field of religious peacemaking in Israel and Palestine. Religious peace‐builders have been exploring different processes and models to bring change into this protracted conflict reality. This article examines the existing approaches and challenges of intervention that face interreligious dialogue and nonviolent actions in Israel‐Palestine and offers some future recommendations. 相似文献
139.
140.