法国行政法官对规范性行政行为的合法性审查

<正>按照对行政、司法机关分离的理解,法国的行政行为合法性审查由行政法官完成。这是司法法院、行政法院双轨制的结果。法院双轨制是法国法律制度的基石,这与中国的法院体制截然不同。在中国,存在单一的法院体系,在每一个法院内部设立不同的审判庭,分别承担着不同性质的司法审判职能。     

Urban change and the urban future†

Abstract. This paper is concerned with future urban change in Canada. Part A deals with bringing about urban change. Part B is about knowledge required to make urban change. Part A begins by discussing a model of the urban future and closes with a discussion of the system of public and private organizations for urban management. Part B begins by distinguishing “knowledge roles’ for urban change, and goes on to discuss the role of knowledge in intervention. It closes with a discussion of the knowledge organization (illustrated by the university), and the means by which it might support the making of urban change. Part C relates the first two parts by suggesting how the mutual support of the knowledge organization (e.g. the university) on the one hand, and the system of public and private organizations that manage urban activities on the other, might be improved. Sommaire. Cet article traite du changement urbain au Canada et de son évolution future. Dans la première partie, la discussion porte sur le changement urbain lui-même, tandis que la seconde partie est consacrée au savoir relié au changement urbain. La troisième partie enfln suggère différentes manières de réaliser le lien entre le savoir et l'action en vue d'améliorer la qualité de nos interventions. La première partie débute en proposant un modèle du ‘futur urbain.‘ Cemodèle introduit deux types de planification, la planification projective, quis'appuie sur des extrapolations, et la planification prospective, qui s'appuie sur des prospectives du futur. Ces deux types de planification sont élaborés en relation avec les quatre sous-systèmes du système socio-technique, à savoir les systemes des ressources humaines, des activités humaines, des ressources physiques et des interventions physiques. Le type de relations que l'on perçoit ainsi que la manière de les considérer définissent le processus de planification que Ton adopte. Ce peut être un processus purement projeetif, un processus purement prospectif ou un processus conjoint prospectif-projectif. Des exemples de ces divers processus sont présentés. Dans la deuxième section de cette première partie, diverses manières d'organiser la gestion urbaine sont avancées, et il est suggéré qu'un réseau interorganisationnel à double intéiêt à la fois projectif et prospectif est désirable. La troisième section, enfin, propose un premier pas dans l'établissement d'untel réseau. Ce premier pas serait la création d'un petit réseau d'organisations qui s'engagerait dans le processus projeetif-prospectif suggéré auparavant. Cepetit groupe jouerait un rôle de catalyseur et pourrait stimuler un processus plus vaste si les résultats atteints se révelaient intéressants. La deuxième partie commence par distinguer différents rôles pour le savoir. Après avoir identifé le changement urbain comme un domaine d'études ayant les caractéristiques d'une discipline et d'une profession, elle propose un modèle à deux dimensions, la dimension institutionnelle et celle des connaissances. Ces deux dimensions conduisent à l'dentification de quatre types d'activités ausein du changement urbain: la pratique et les sciences de l'analyse et la pratique et les sciences de l'intervention. La discussion continue ensuite sur l'intervention considérée comme une pratique et un ensemble de disciplines. Il est avancé que l'urbanisation, la globalité, la complexité et le concept de métaproblèmes sont de plus en plus les determinants fondamentaux de l'intervention dans le changement urbain. La troisième section, enfin, propose divers moyens institutionnels pour promouvoir une meilleure intégration du savoir. Des centres et foyers de recherche de natures diverses sont suggérés ainsi qu'une structure nouvelle pour l'université, celle de l'université transdisciplinaire. La troisième partie propose, en guise de conclusion, une meilleure intégration des connaissances et de la gestion urbaine par l'instauration d'une focalisation commune sur le futur qui prendrait place au niveau des laboratoires de dessein de systèmes dans l'université transdisciplinaire et où se concrétiseraient les réseaux interorganisationnels suggérés dans la première partie.     

The Politics of Latin America’s Investment and Other Links with China: Contextualizing the Region’s Cash Chasing while Racking Richer Research Rewards

There are three positions about the impact of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) from China on the policies of Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries: the “Wealth is Power” camp, which associates political power with Chinese economic lures; the “Conditionalist” camp, which contends the international and domestic economic and political context determines the specific political effect of Chinese outward FDI (OFDI); and the “Politics is Power” camp, which believes no dramatic political changes have resulted from the economic stimuli of Chinese OFDI (COFDI) and associated economic lures. Case studies herein on Brazil and China, Argentina and China, Ecuador and China, and the Caribbean and China support the Conditionalist camp, albeit to differing degrees and for different reasons. Case studies herein on COFDI in Argentina and in Colombia also deepen our knowledge about the drivers of COFDI. They challenge those asserting that COFDI in LAC is driven purely by political motives. This piece also reviews and critiques the state of the literature on COFDI in LAC and suggests a pathway for moving to the next level. It specifically recommends researchers work to cumulate knowledge by asking similar kinds of questions across cases, exploit theory, and work on variable conceptualization and operationalization.

     

When Social and Economic Goals Meet: The Double Dividend of Improving Farmers’ Health Capital in Uganda

Focusing on the relationship between farmers’ health and agricultural productivity, we explore the potential effects of improving the current health care fee policy in Uganda. Using a microsimulated general equilibrium model, we show that alternative health fee reduction strategies might increase the chances of achieving simultaneous growth, poverty reduction and improved access to health for households while maximising the public spending effectiveness. However, these results seem very sensitive to the potential disruptive effects on public facilities that such a policy might generate so they must be contextualised within a broader perspective on the health system’s efficiency.     

Chinese MNCs as China’s New Long March: A Review and Critique of the Western Literature

Chinese outward foreign direct investment (COFDI) has captured the imagination of international business academics, journalists, and analysts of Chinese foreign economic policy. While these students of COFDI have added greatly to our knowledge, they have not adequately considered the politico-economy of COFDI. Specifically, they have not sufficiently evaluated the degree to which COFDI is driven by political versus economic considerations, the extent to which political considerations influence the overseas operations of Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs), or the political ramifications of COFDI for host countries, international institutions, or China’s interactions with third parties. Reviewing the Western literature, this article provides useful background information about COFDI, distills two general schools of thought about the politico-economy of COFDI—i.e., the “Beijing as Puppeteer” camp and the “Business of Business is Business” camp, and highlights a number of shortcomings with each. As well, it suggests a number of ways in which the extant literature can move forward and makes clear the importance of tracking the development of Chinese MNCs.     

European small states' military policies after the Cold War: from territorial to niche strategies

This article looks at the evolution of European small states' military policies after the Cold War. Traditionally, small states faced a security dilemma between favouring influence and guaranteeing sovereignty. These security options were embodied by the strategy of alliance and the policy of neutrality. This article argues that in today's unipolar world small states' security policy must be cooperative either in the form of joining a security institution or an ad hoc coalition. This has two consequences for small states' military policies. These can either favour niche or lead/framework nation strategies. This in turn, depends on the strategic ambitions of the small states, which are ultimately mediated by their strategic culture. This article concludes by looking at the military policies of Cold War neutral states after the Cold War.     

Program design guidelines

Abstract. The article briefly examines organization and systems theory, Planning, Programming and Budgeting system, management and planning theory, Nadler's system design matrix and the scientific research design, and derives a ‘form’ or a format to describe and express human activities from a managerial point of view. This format is the Program Design Guidelines. A program is defined as a set of human activities and their requirements which can be described (for evaluation purposes) or formulated (for planning purposes) according to twelve aspects: title, introduction, needs/problems/concerns, objective, target population, operations, schedule, authority and responsibility, resources required, budget, evaluation and implications. A series of advantages could follow the wide use of such guidelines in government operations.     

法国行政判决的执行

法治国家不仅要保障个人能接受独立、公正的审判,还要保障法院的判决得到忠实、全面的执行. 对于法国行政法官而言,上述要求在今天看来似乎显而易见.然而,实事求是地说,在法国实现这一目标并非一蹴而就.1872年法律曾经赋予国家参事院