Education and the development of senior executives†

Abstract. This article explains why governments, as employers, should grant sabbaticals to their senior executives. It begins by identifying the skills usually required of senior civil servants, then evaluates their opportunities to develop these qualities in their day-to-day work, and finally suggests how sabbaticals could improve the performances of career civil servants. The qualities required of senior executives include a thorough knowledge of their disciplines, a general knowledge of related disciplines, a good understanding of analytical techniques, a ‘feeling’ for the society in which they live, an understanding of the parliamentary system, some familiarity with modem management methods and, finally, a knowledge of the Canadian constitutional and legal framework. Skills as broad as these have a better chance of being acquired if civil servants have the opportunity to return to a scholarly environment during the course of their careers. A sabbatical year would also allow them to keep abreast of the rapid developments in subject matters of concern to the public service. Finally, a sabbatical would allow the senior civil servant to consider and discuss with his colleagues the special skills expected of them. During his leave of absence, the civil servant could also contribute to the development of the art of public administration in Canada. He could increase his own knowledge in the area of management and in the disciplines connected with his work. Finally, the sabbatical would afford the civil servant the opportunity to reflect on the main trends of the government organization that he will have to manage. Sommaire. Dans cet article, l'auteur explique pourquoi les gouvernements devraient, en tant qu'employeurs, accorder des congés d'éducation à leurs cadres supérieurs. Il procède en identsant d'abord les qualités généralement requises des fonctionnaires supérieurs, puis en évaluant les possibilités qu'ont les fonctionnaires de développer ces qualités dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, et en suggérant enfin comment un congé d'éducation peut améliorer la performance d'un fonctionnaire de carrière. Les qualités requises d'un cadre supérieur comprennent une connaissance approfondie d'une discipline, complétée d'une connaissance générale de certaines disciplines connexes, une bonne compréhension de certaines techniques d'analyse, une connaissance poussée de la société dans laquelle il vit, une compréhension du fonctionnement du système parlementaire, une certaine familia-rité avec les méthodes modernes de gestion, enfin, une connaissance du cadre constitutionnel et juridique canadien. Des collnaissaxlces aussi étendues sont plus susceptibles d'être acquises si les fonctionnaires ont l'occasion de retourner aux études au cows de leu carrière. Un congé d'éducation permet aussi de se ten& au courant des développements rapides dans les disciplines importantes. Enfin, un congé d'éducation devrait permettre au fonctionnaire supérieur de perfectionner les talents particuliers qu'on s'attend à trouver chez lui. Ainsi, le fonctionnaire en congé pourrait contribuer au développement d'une science de l'administration publique au Canada, Il pourrait kgalement améliorer ses propres connaissances dans le domaine du management et dans Ies disciplines qui sont reliées à son travail. Enfin, le congé d'éducation devrait être une occasion pour le fonctionnaire de réfléchir sur les grandes orientations de l'organisation gouvernementale qu'il est appeléà diriger.     

Congressional Supervision of America's Secret Agencies: The Experience and Legacy of the Church Committee

In 1947, the United States created a modern intelligence community to guard against another surprise attack like the one at Pearl Harbor. This community consists of 13 major agencies, among them the CIA and the FBI. Concealed from public view, they pose a significant challenge to the concept of government accountability in a democratic society. This article examines the failure of congressional lawmakers to hold the secret agencies accountable during the Cold War. Contrary to recent theoretical research on legislative oversight, which suggests reasons that accountability has been strong in the United States, this study finds that a weak system of legislative review has permitted a dangerous erosion of civil liberties. The study also explores the efforts of the Church Committee in 1975 to fashion new safeguards that would reduce the probability of further abuse of power by the intelligence community.     

Marital Rape: Is the Crime Taken Seriously Without Co-occurring Physical Abuse?

This vignette study was conducted to determine how observers' beliefs about marital rape are altered by the knowledge of a prior history of husband-to- wife physical violence. Participants (n = 50 college students) read three different marital rape situations; in one situation the husband had been physically violent in the past; in another he had not. In the third situation, participants were not given any information about the physical abuse history between the spouses. As expected, participants blamed the victim most for the marital rape and minimized the seriousness of the rape when they had been told that there was not a prior history of husband-to-wife physical abuse. These findings suggest that observers use a physical violence history to establish the coercion needed to determine that marital rape had occurred. The legal implications of these findings are discussed.     

To Run or Not to Run for Office: Explaining Nascent Political Ambition

In this article, we develop the concept of nascent political ambition and offer the first empirical assessment of potential candidates' initial interest in seeking elective office. Our analysis is based on the Citizen Political Ambition Study—our national survey of nearly 3,800 individuals in the four professions that most frequently precede a career in politics. We find that a general sense of efficacy as a candidate, as well as a politicized upbringing, motivate well-situated potential candidates' inclinations to run for office. Alternatively, status as a member of a group historically excluded from politics depresses the likelihood of considering a candidacy. These findings shed light not only on the prospects for political representation and democratic legitimacy in the United States, but also the means by which to study candidate emergence and conceptualize political ambition.     

Incivility: The Politics of 'People on the Margins' in Jamaica

This paper employs and scrutinizes Asef Bayat's theory of [the] 'quiet encroachment' of the 'informal people' in the Middle East to reflect on civility and governance in Jamaica. The central argument is that while the practices of the economically dispossessed represent rational ways to survive hardships and improve their lives, the alliance of members of Jamaica's informal sphere with 'community dons' flies in the face of civility and civic engagement, engendering destructive, criminal behaviour, which undermines the state's capacity to regulate the space and uphold the rule of law. The essay recognises the validity of the episodic mobilization of 'people on the margins' in Jamaica as a useful, autonomous aspect of civil society, without romanticising it or abstracting it from its counterpoint to the state. It however maintains that such a collectivity, operating vicariously, exerts a burden on social stability and cohesion with dire consequences for democratic governance.     

AN EVALUATION OF SUPERVISED ACCESS II

Two studies examined reactions of family members to supervised access (SA) services. In Study 1, 121 users of SA services were interviewed about their satisfaction. A subsample was interviewed about family relationships and children's well-being, at Time 1 and 5 months later. In Study 2, 29 children attending SA services were interviewed. Results showed that both custodial and noncustodial parents were very satisfied with the centers. There was no evidence that relationships between ex-spouses or their attitudes toward one another improved over a 5-month period. Children attending centers showed a high level of externalizing symptomatology. Children were positive about their experiences, although older children felt that the centers were not well equipped for their age group. Although the aim of centers is to provide a safe place for children, some children still experience emotionally disturbing events. Most children had little understanding about why they were attending centers.