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Priscillia Hunt James Anderson Jessica Saunders 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2017,42(2):231-254
Programs that prevent crime cost money. In order to efficiently allocate these limited funds, we need to know how much people benefit from crime prevention. While there are some comprehensive estimates of the cost of (or benefits of avoiding) crime to victims and to society at large, we have very limited crime-specific information on the legal system resources that would be freed up for other purposes across states. Using a Monte Carlo simulation approach to take into account uncertainty in the data, this study finds the national average costs to taxpayers for judicial/legal services per reported crime are likely around the following (in 2010 dollars): $22,000–$44,000 (homicide), $2000–$5000 (rape and sexual assault), $600–$1300 (robbery), $800–$2100 (aggravated assault), $200–$600 (burglary), $300–$600 (larceny/theft), and $200–$400 (motor vehicle theft). At a state-level, the costs of crime are 50 % to 70 % more or less than these national averages depending on the crime type and state. These estimates can be used to understand the level of resources spent per crime and the potential legal resources freed up for a change in reported crime rates; they are not a measure of waste or efficiency, but it is hoped this study contributes to this debate. 相似文献
174.
Peter Zimmermann Kai Vollack Barbara Haak Michelle Bretthauer Andrea Jelinski Marga Kugler Jessica Loidl Werner Pflug 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2009,2(1):62-63
Within the initial step of the forensic DNA analysis process, the DNA extraction efficiency and especially the removal of potential PCR inhibitors is crucial for subsequent steps, e.g. quantification by real-time PCR and amplification of short tandem repeats (STRs). The protocol of the PrepFiler™ Forensic DNA Extraction Kit was optimized for the application on a Tecan liquid handling workstation Freedom EVO® 150. This modified application of the PrepFiler™ technology was compared with respect to DNA yield, sensitivity and the ability to remove potential PCR inhibitors to an established routine method working on the same liquid handling workstation based on ChargeSwitch® Technology (CST) from Invitrogen. 相似文献
175.
Jessica G. Mecellem 《Law & social inquiry》2018,43(1):119-151
Domestic human rights trials are often conceptualized within the context of transition toward democracy. Yet, a recent cascade of trials in Turkey defies this argument. Between 2008 and 2015, Turkish courts oversaw fifteen trials examining individual criminal accountability for human rights violations carried out by the Turkish military during the conflict with the PKK in the 1990s. The cascade of trials has emerged and remained ongoing while the Turkish regime has become steadily more authoritarian. This article explains the emergence of these trials by the redistribution of power among elite actors, which created a window of opportunity allowing for ongoing legal mobilization to result in prosecutions. Drawing on original data from interviews conducted in Turkey between 2014–2015, this study demonstrates the importance of power redistribution for human rights during periods of democratic stagnation, while emphasizing the ability of trials to contribute to the contestation of hegemonic narratives. 相似文献
176.
Matthew J. Sharps Jessica Janigian Adam B. Hess Bill Hayward 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2009,24(1):36-44
Although eyewitness memory and identification have captured substantial research interest in the past decades, an understanding
of the types and prevalence of errors typically made by eyewitnesses is lacking. The purpose of the present research was to
begin the development of a taxonomy of eyewitness error, employing standardized stimuli and established techniques. Respondents
were exposed to a crime scene modeled on SWAT-training scenarios for systematically varied exposure times, and were then asked
to describe what they had seen. The stimuli and questions employed were prepared with the aid of senior police field training
officers. As anticipated, eyewitness performance in general was subject to a variety of inaccuracies. Physical errors, such
as mistakes in the clothing or physical characteristics of the perpetrator, or in details of the environmental context, predominated.
However, other less-expected errors were also observed: in relatively low numbers of cases, witnesses inferred emotional states
or intent on the part of the perpetrator or victim. Some contributed wholly artificial backstories, reported the future actions
of the perpetrator or victim as memories, or even inserted themselves into the scene. The pattern of results was shown to interact with exposure time, gender of the
perpetrator, and the presence or absence of weapons in the scene. The results of this study are consistent with reconfigurative
theory dating to Bartlett (1932), with subsequent research, and with more recent work under the aegis of Gestalt/Feature-Intensive Processing theory. These
findings provide information on types and prevalence of eyewitness error which should prove useful in investigative and courtroom
settings. 相似文献
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This article describes characteristics, service experiences, and outcomes for 350 ex-offenders with minor-aged children who were served at the John Inman Work and Family Center (WFC), a multiservice program offering assistance with employment, child support, and family reconnection. Following their visit to the WFC, fathers had higher rates of employment and child support payment. They also returned to prison at lower rates than the general offender population. Although the findings suggest that parents who leave prison benefit from a collaborative facility that offers multiple services, more rigorous research over longer periods of time is needed to reliably assess the effectiveness of reentry programs. 相似文献
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