中外刑事审判主体制度之比较

作为刑事诉讼活动的主导力量,刑事审判主体在世界各国的刑事诉讼中形态各异。除法官作为重要的刑事审判主体以外,民众参与司法程序成为中外审判主体制度的发展趋势。针对当前刑事诉讼存在的司法不公现象,在借鉴国外审判主体制度的基础上,致力于增强司法的民主性,是防止司法腐败、确保司法公正的必由之路。     

关于刑事诉讼法规定刑事和解的几点思考

《刑事诉讼法》拟增设刑事和解制度是值得肯定的立法动向。刑事和解制度的构建和操作应遵循一定的原则和前提。检察机关的职能性质决定了其不能担任刑事和解的主持者,人民法院应在查明犯罪事实的基础上主持或确认刑事和解。加害人认罪是刑事和解适用的必要前提。将刑事和解的性质定位于量刑情节的认识决定了刑事和解可以适用于一切案件。     

构建生态文明社会的动物保护法律制度

胡锦涛总书记在中共十七大报告中明确提出建设“生态文明”型社会,动物作为生态系统的重要组成部分,在生态文明建设中具有举足轻重的作用,从法律的角度改善和提高动物福利亦是生态文明建设必不可少的环节。鉴于我国动物保护立法的重大缺陷,应该制定一部专门的动物保护法,明确保护的范围,并确立四大法律原则：人与动物和谐相处;生态、经济和社会可持续性;尊重生命,善待动物,不虐待动物;人类中心主义。     

论民事权利和商事权利的一体保护：以权利结构变动权为例

权利结构变动权包括合成权、分解权和单纯结构变动权,这些结构变动权能不断地创造新的权利或新的功能,在商法之中有着重要的地位。我国商法对结构变动权设立了太多的限制或障碍。保护为主限制为辅是民法公认的权利法理,而我国商法重控制而轻保护,二者形成了巨大的反差。我国未来的民法典应当坚持权利一体保护的法理,改变对结构变动权的不合理控制。     

司法对法律体系的完善

人民法院的司法活动对完善法律体系具有不可替代的独特作用。司法通过作用于法律体系的微观向度、调适过程、法与社会联系的建立、成文法固有缺陷的克服来完善法律体系。完善的具体方式包括司法解释、法律解释、指导性案例、司法审查、司法建议、参与和配合立法、送请有权机关审查和裁决、提出法律案等。对于通过司法完善法律体系,需要树立正确的理念。     

Differentiating cause-of-death terminology for deaths coded as sudden infant death syndrome, accidental suffocation, and unknown cause: an investigation using US death certificates, 2003-2004

We compared written text on infant death certificates for deaths coded as sudden infant death syndrome (R95), unknown cause (R99), and accidental suffocation (W75). Using US mortality files supplemented with the death certifiers' written text for all infant deaths with International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 assigned codes R95, R99, and W75, we formed cause-of-death subcategories from common themes identified from the written text. Among all infant deaths in 2003-2004, the underlying cause of death was listed as R99 for 2128 deaths, R95 for 4408 deaths, and W75 for 931 deaths. Among the postneonatal deaths, the differences in subcategories varied between assigned ICD-10 codes: for R99-coded deaths, 45.8% were categorized as "Unknown" and 48.6% as "Pending"; for R95-coded deaths, 67.7% were categorized as "sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)"; and for W75-coded deaths, 76.4% were categorized as "Suffocation." Examination of the written text on the death certificates demonstrates variability in the assigned ICD-10 codes which could have an important effect on the estimates of SIDS cases in the United States.     

The first international proficiency test on ketamine and norketamine in hair

This paper discusses the organization of the first international proficiency test (PT) programme on ketamine (K) and norketamine (NK) in hair samples. The primary objective of the programme was to evaluate the analytical capability of participating laboratories on hair analysis for K and NK via comparison of results. Authentic samples, instead of spiked samples were used in the programme to mimic the analysis of incorporated illicit drugs in real-life situations. Eight of the ten participating medical or forensic laboratories from Australia, France, Hong Kong, Italy, Singapore and the USA returned results to the organizer. Quantification methods from these laboratories were confined to GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. Performance assessment based on z-score indicated that only three laboratories achieved satisfactory results for both the analysis of K and NK. It was concluded that the overall performance of the participating laboratories was fair and there is still room for further improvement. Additional similarly designed PT programmes are recommended to be organized in order to encourage reliable measurements of illicit drugs in hair samples. Taking into account the substantial effect on the consensus values within limited number of data points, a recommendation on the provision of reference values assigned by accurate methods will be of benefit to small size PT programmes in the forensic field.     

Preferences for Police Response to Domestic Violence: A Comparison of College Students in Three Chinese Societies

While a large amount of research has been conducted in the West on domestic violence related issues, only a small number of studies have focused specifically on Chinese societies. Using survey data collected from Beijing, Hong Kong, and Taipei, this study compares college students’ preferences for traditional and proactive police intervention into domestic violence and assesses the determinants of such preferences in the three Chinese societies. The findings indicate that Hong Kong students showed the highest level of support for traditional police response, followed by students in Beijing and Taipei, while students in Taipei displayed the strongest preference for proactive police response, followed by students in Hong Kong and Beijing. College students’ preferences for traditional police response were shaped mainly by their locality, whereas their preferences for proactive police intervention were influenced chiefly by their attitudes toward violence and gender roles. Directions for future research are discussed.     

论武装冲突法中的区分原则

区分原则是武装冲突法的一项重要原则,其核心是保护平民。在现代战争中,两用目标的模糊性、适用范围的局限性、战斗员的制服问题、非对称战争的冲击等致使区分原则面临困境,并使其有被修正的必要。修正的区分原则要求冲突各方必须考虑攻击目标与武装冲突的潜在联系,并将这种个体考量与"自愿"这个因素结合起来。