Race as a factor in university admissions

In two recent cases, Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306. (2003) and Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244. (2003), the Supreme Court held that the Equal Protection Clause permitted state schools to use race-sensitive admissions in order to obtain the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body. The diversity-based argument for race-sensitive admissions, scholarships, awards, and other opportunities at universities should have been rejected because it does not consider the full range of costs and benefits and because the more narrow educational effects probably weigh against such programs. However, this does not suggest that applicants’ race, ethnicity, and gender should be ignored. Rather the same consideration that led to the defeat of the diversity argument, i.e., reasoning capacity, supports the consideration of demographic factors. However, attention to such factors further undermines the consequentialist case for affirmative action.     

程序模式的实验效应分析

<正> 大多数国家都相当重视实施实体法的程序制度,程序往往被视为提高司法判决公平性和正确性的手段。在世界范围内,不同国家有着不同的诉讼制度,但究其根本,无非分为两类,即对抗型程序模式和非对抗型程序模式。在对抗型程序模式中,诉讼程序的推进由进行诉讼的双方及其代理人负责,他们依据法律规定,提供证据并实质性地推进诉讼,裁决者在裁决之前,一直处于消极状态。在非对抗型程序模式中,推进诉讼和提供证据的控制权操纵在裁决者手里。对抗型程序模式和非对抗型程序模式究竟孰优孰劣?优劣何在?抑或是各有千秋?为解决这些问题,世界上不少国家的法学家进行了实验研究。美国弗吉尼亚大学法学院     

刑事司法中公民的容忍义务及其限度

公民容忍义务源于每个人为求权利和自由需分出部分私权演绎为公权，所有人的付出意味着个人承担的义务比他的需要对应的义务更多，公权是放大了的私权。公民容忍的限度涉及刑事司法人权保障的规则化、伦理化，目前的看法相当暧昧。公民容忍义务具有共识性、比例性、条件性和模糊性四个方面的特征。对公民应当服从的公权力应通过必要性原则、比例原则来制约，找到个人权利与警察权、检察权、司法权的平衡点，以保障公民的人权。     

Randomized experiments in criminology: What have we learned in the last two decades?

This paper aims to review randomized experiments in criminology with offending outcomes and reasonably large numbers that were published between 1982 and 2004. A total of 83 experiments are summarized, compared with only 35 published between 1957 and 1981: 12 on policing, 13 on prevention, 14 on corrections, 22 on courts, and 22 on community interventions. Randomized experiments are still relatively uncommon, but there have been more large-scale multi-site experiments and replication programs. There have also been several experiments in which 100 or more places were randomly assigned. Relatively few experiments (only 10 out of 83) were conducted outside the United States. Meta-analyses suggest that prevention methods, correctional therapy, batterer programs, drug courts, juvenile restitution and deterrent policing were effective in reducing offending, while Scared Straight and boot camp programs caused a significant increase in offending.     

悬笔书写笔迹特点分析

笔迹特征的形成受多种因素制约,书写条件的改变是重要的影响因素之一,悬笔书写是变化条件书写的一种。其有别于正常书写的特点主要表现在运笔轻飘无力,起笔弯曲抖动,书写水平降低,收笔拖拉,字形变大,连写增加,搭配比例走样。司法实践中,一些鉴定人对这些变化特点不了解,从而导致错误的鉴定结论。     

基于超系统论的城乡空间协同发展模式

超系统论是20世纪90年代建立在协同论和超循环论基础上的系统论[1].它将"环境容量有限性所导致的系统发展与稳定之不相容,进而表现为发展之不可持续"作为最重要的问题,其核心思想是"协调发展"与"良性循环",即超出各单个系统,通过超循环,与其他系统互利合作、协同进化,耦合成某种更高层次上的"超系统",从而在该超系统的进化中,寻求作为其组成系统的可持续发展.     

以史资政，开拓党史研究新领域——评《中国共产党经济工作史》

研究党史 ,服务现实 ,以史资政 ,是广大党史工作者的一项责任。展开对党的经济工作史的研究 ,系统考察党领导经济工作的历史进程 ,总结历史的经验教训 ,对于提高党的经济工作能力和执政能力 ,无疑是十分必要的。最近 ,由中南财经政法大学赵凌云教授主编、湖北人民出版社出版的湖北省哲学社会科学研究“十五”规划基金项目《中国共产党经济工作史》一书 ,就是一部系统研究中国共产党经济工作史的学术专著。该书全面总结了中国共产党 80多年 ( 1 92 1 - 2 0 0 2年 )经济工作的成就与经验教训 ,弥补了中共党史研究中有关经济工作史研究的薄弱环…