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211.
Jakob von Holderstein Holtermann 《Human Rights Review》2010,11(3):289-315
Over the last decade, theorists have persistently criticised the assumption that the International Criminal Court (ICC) can
produce a noteworthy deterrent effect. Consequently, consensus has emerged that we should probably look for different ways
to justify the ICC or else abandon the prestigious project entirely. In this paper, I argue that these claims are ill founded
and rest primarily on misunderstandings as to the idea of deterrence through punishment. They tend to overstate both the epistemic
certainty as to and the size of the deterrent effect necessary in order to thus justify punishment. I argue that we should
in general expect reasonably humane punitive institutions to lead to better consequences than if we abolish punishment entirely,
and I show that, contrary to widespread assumption among critics of the ICC, we should not expect the conditions characteristically
surrounding mass atrocity to undermine this presumption. Properly understood, the ICC equals adding another “slice of cheese”
to our comprehensive crime preventive system modelled along the lines of James Reason’s Swiss cheese model of accident causation
and risk management. Undoubtedly, some future perpetrators will elope through the holes in this layer too, but others will
be deterred. 相似文献
212.
213.
Hans von Rautenfeld 《American journal of political science》2005,49(1):184-197
This article develops Emerson's theory of representative democracy as it applies to a deliberative public sphere. By highlighting the democratic content of Emerson's thought, this article challenges tradition readings of Emerson that claim his thought to be elitist or antipolitical. According to Emerson, the public sphere is structured by representative individuals who are analogous to those representatives found in electoral institutions. These representatives make public the beliefs and values present in their "constituencies." They deliberate in the name of their constituencies, saying what their constituencies could and would say, were they to also directly engage in such deliberations. Representative individuals are tied to their constituencies through bonds of "sympathy and likeness." The moral consequences of a representative public sphere include the development of a sense of deliberative justice on the part of the citizenry and the reduction of the possibility of domination and oppression by ideologically oriented elites. 相似文献
214.
215.
Clinical and morphological findings on mustard gas [bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide] poisoning. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
W Eisenmenger G Drasch M von Clarmann E Kretschmer G Roider 《Journal of forensic sciences》1991,36(6):1688-1698
In 1984 and 1985, a total of eleven Iranian patients were transferred to hospitals in Munich, Germany, after a reported gas attack in the Iran-Iraq war. The initial symptoms and pretreatment in Teheran, Iran, as well as the admittance examination data, the clinical courses of the patients, and the clinical laboratory data in Germany, are reported. The main injuries were to the skin, the eyes, and the respiratory tract. One patient stopped breathing suddenly on the third day of treatment (eight days after the exposure). A large piece of mucous membrane blocking a bronchus was removed during an immediate bronchoscopy, but attempts at resuscitation failed. The most important autopsy findings in this case were severe pseudomembranous inflammation of the trachea and the bronchial tubes. The histological findings are reported. Chemical proof of the poison (mustard gas) was established. A review of the history of chemical warfare, the physical and chemical properties of mustard gas, and a literature survey of clinical findings (including, especially, experiences from World Wars I and II) contribute to the understanding of the actual cases. 相似文献
216.
217.
218.
Klaus von Lampe 《Trends in Organized Crime》2009,12(2):208-210
219.
Rebecca Renneberg Anke Heinreich Ben Krause-Kyora Melanie Röpke Jens Tetens Eva Simeoni Thorsten Schwark Nicole von Wurmb-Schwark 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2009,2(1):95-96
When analysing trace materials and degraded DNA the issue of human specificity is highly important. Especially when it comes down to the analysis of mitochondrial DNA which is extremely susceptible to contamination authenticity is the main question. Therefore in the presented study mitochondrial primers were tested on their human specificity. In all cases it was possible to amplify DNA of animals with human mt-primers. These unintentional amplifications could only be decreased by choosing austere PCR parameters. The study implies the importance of comprehensive evaluation of primers, chemicals and PCR parameters. 相似文献
220.
Jochen Steinbicker 《Berliner Journal für Soziologie》2011,21(1):167-170