Rt Hon. Lord Justice John Thomas 《Commonwealth Law Bulletin》2013,39(1):61-63

There has been growing international consensus on issues related to child labour – evident in various declarations, platforms, conventions, programmes of action etc. Child labour is the economic exploitation of children, or performance of any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development. Poverty is the principal cause of child labour. Mostly the children work to support their families and also for their own survival. Paradoxically, however, child labour further aggravates the poverty syndrome as it usually deprives the children of education and opportunity to acquire skills for developing earning potentials. Other causes of child labour include family indebtedness, the lack or poor quality of schooling or non‐formal education, breakdown of extended family, uneducated parents, local cultural setting, and consumerism. It goes beyond economic exploitation or hazardous employment to include forced labour, trafficking, sexual exploitation and the use of children for the production and trafficking of illegal drugs. This article will ponder the socio‐legal situation of child labour and the large number of legislative enactments regarding labour in India, as well as their realities on the ground.  相似文献   

    

John Kekes 《Criminal justice ethics》2013,32(2):192-204

The ideal of autonomy has a positive and a negative aim. Its positive aim is to create the conditions in which more and more people can be more and more autonomous. Its negative aim is to prevent actions that cause serious harm and are normally both immoral and criminal. These two aims are incompatible. Increasing autonomy increases the frequency of crimes and decreasing the frequency of crimes requires decreasing autonomy. The incompatibility of these two aims has radical implications for much current thinking about criminal justice.  相似文献   

    

John Vogler 《Global Policy》2012,3(1):61-71

Global commons are areas and resources defined as being beyond sovereign jurisdiction. They are socially constructed and this article identifies four: the high seas and deep seabed, Antarctica, outer space and the global atmosphere although attempts to designate new areas as commons are also noted. The construction of global commons, it is argued, has been determined by shifts in human knowledge, capability and perceptions of scarcity. The commons problem, as defined by Hardin and other analysts arises from the ecological consequences of open access, but also from the renewed concerns of strategists about the military use of common spaces. In the international system a primary response has been to extend sovereignty and the degree to which the global commons have been enclosed is assessed. An alternative model is provided by the negotiation of common heritage status, but since the experiment with the deep sea bed this has not found favour in the Arctic, Antarctic and elsewhere. In terms of the continuing management of the commons the international community has resorted to an array of regulatory regimes of varying coverage and effectiveness  相似文献   

    

John William Coyne  Peter Bell 《The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice》2012,51(2):122-132

This qualitative study addresses the primary question of what changes, or impacts upon, fear of crime in six Australian expatriates living in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) Vietnam. The research paid particular attention to the differences in fear of crime when respondents became expatriates, and the impact of incivilities and access to media. Responses indicate that after a period of adjustment, expatriates feel safer in HCMC than in Australia. Research findings support the existing fear of crime theories and highlight the importance of context in predicting the impact of such factors as media and incivilities.  相似文献   

    

John Mulroy 《Family Court Review》2011,49(3):657-670

A new educational trend has developed over the past decade that may actually be doing more harm to high school students than good. States have been passing legislation requiring high school students to complete a college prep‐level curriculum in order to receive a high school diploma. While this push for higher academic achievement is a great idea, students are not given the educational base they need to be able to succeed in such a program once they reach high school and many are left without the skills necessary to handle such academic expectations. This Note proposes guidelines for changing these rigid state statutes in favor of a Three‐Tiered System that gives students options based on their academic abilities and urges states to adopt these changes.  相似文献   

    

John P. Burke 《Public administration review》2011,71(1):112-115

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John T. Pawlikowski 《和平与变革》2011,36(4):489-493

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Jamie K. Pringle Ph.D.  John P. Cassella Ph.D.  John R. Jervis Ph.D.  Anna Williams Ph.D.  Peter Cross M.Sc.  Nigel J. Cassidy Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2015,60(4):1052-1060

In homicide investigations, it is critically important that postmortem interval and postburial interval (PBI) of buried victims are determined accurately. However, clandestine graves can be difficult to locate; and the detection rates for a variety of search methods (ranging from simple ground probing through to remote imaging and near‐surface geophysics) can be very low. In this study, simulated graves of homicide victims were emplaced in three sites with contrasting soil types, bedrock, and depositional environments. The long‐term monthly in situ monitoring of grave soil water revealed rapid increases in conductivity up to 2 years after burial, with the longest study evidencing declining values to background levels after 4.25 years. Results were corrected for site temperatures and rainfall to produce generic models of fluid conductivity as a function of time. The research suggests soilwater conductivity can give reliable PBI estimates for clandestine burials and therefore be used as a grave detection method.  相似文献   

    

John W. Bond OBE 《Journal of forensic sciences》2015,60(4):1034-1039

Latent fingerprint deposits on thermal paper have been visualized noninvasively at visible wavelengths when illuminated with a UV‐A light source (peak 365 nm). A higher intensity UV source (250 W/m² at 0.38 m) gave superior fingerprint visibility when compared with a 60 W/m² (at 0.4 m) source. Removing the visible (blue) component of the light source emission did not adversely affect the visibility of the fingerprint. Sample fingerprints from 100 donors, when examined 24 h after deposition, produced identifiable fingerprints from nearly 34% of fingerprint deposits. A mechanism for the observed visibility is proposed based on low emission of visible wavelengths from areas of thermal paper coincident with the fingerprint deposit, when illuminated with UV. This is likely due to a weak color change in the thermal paper dye arising from protonated amino acid components of the sweat. This effect was not observed on nonthermal paper.  相似文献   

    

John W. Bond OBE  D.Phil. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2015,60(5):1331-1336

Latent fingerprint deposits on thermal paper sourced from the U.S., China, the U.K., and Australia have been visualized by heating. U.S. and Chinese sourced paper produced two distinct types of fingerprint development. In one type (type 1), the paper dye colors where the deposit is present (as previously reported) and in the other type (type 2) the ‘inverse’ of this gives paper coloring only in areas not coincident with the deposit. Both development types gave identifiable fingerprints, the majority fading within 24 h of heating. Fingerprint development from U.K. and Australian sourced paper was exclusively type 1 and resistant to fading. Temperatures for fingerprint visualization were higher for U.S. paper (64–71°C) and Chinese paper (75–95°C) than for U.K. and Australian sourced paper (43–50°C). Particularly for Chinese sourced paper, these temperatures were within a few degrees of the normal paper color temperature. A mechanism for type 2 fingerprint development is proposed.  相似文献