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811.
Under what conditions do women participate in executive power in multiethnic societies? Previous research has examined how political institutions, socioeconomic factors, and cultural norms affect the appointment of women as cabinet ministers. However, no study has assessed the extent to which the politicization of ethnicity—a cleavage that shapes political life in many countries—affects women's cabinet appointments. Focusing on sub‐Saharan Africa, we argue that women are less likely to become cabinet ministers where incumbents use such appointments to build patronage‐based alliances with politicians who act as advocates for ethnic constituencies. Using an original dataset on the composition of cabinets in 34 African countries from 1980 to 2005, we show that women's share of cabinet appointments is significantly lower in countries where leaders must accommodate a larger number of politicized ethnic groups, but it rises with higher levels of democracy and greater representation of women in parliament. 相似文献
812.
Tana Johnson 《The Review of International Organizations》2011,6(1):57-84
Unfavorable views toward a particular state will result in skepticism about the legitimacy of IGOs in which that state possesses
influence. The more extensive the avenues of influence, the stronger this “guilt by association.” The rationale is two-fold.
First, a state that possesses institutionalized influence (e.g., a veto) within an intergovernmental organization faces substantial
difficulties in credibly committing to non-interference with organizational activities. Second, even if a state somehow could
commit to abstention from overt interference, it may exert covert ideational influence if it already has embedded its values
into an IGO. Elites and laypeople alike recognize the avenues of influence that fuel guilt-by-association. With statistical
analyses of public opinion data from 35,397 people in 23 countries, I provide the first systematic evidence that guilt-by-association
exists: for the United States, Russia, Japan, and Pakistan, vis-à-vis the United Nations, World Bank, and International Monetary
Fund. The evidence is robust to numerous alternative specifications. The findings contribute to international relations scholarship
by enhancing our understanding of threats to IGO legitimacy and by providing concrete evidence for a mechanism by which antipathy
toward powerful states matters in the international realm. 相似文献