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111.
Jon M. Joyce 《Policy Sciences》1972,3(1):107-115
Federal and state government efforts to improve the nation's health focus particular attention on the necessity of increasing the numbers of physicians. Yet, evidence from several studies suggest weak linkages between health and the number of physicians. The present study surveys civilian health and the number of physicians during the period of national mobilization in the U.S. in the 1940's. This period, where low physician/population ratios prevailed for several years, is unique in recent history and provides a useful reference for current health policy. Reduced numbers of physicians are shown to have had a measurable negative impact on civilian health over the period.The author would like to express gratitude to the Brookings Institution for support and to a referee for helpful suggestions. 相似文献
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Jon Mahoney 《Law and Philosophy》2008,27(2):151-191
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This article examines how the rather similar approaches to the management of medical care (which here we term 'scientific-bureaucratic medicine') emerged within the public-policy agendas of both the United Kingdom and United States during the 1990s. In particular, we address the theoretical puzzle of how explanations of policy emergence in single countries can be reconciled with policy convergence between two countries. 相似文献
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Jon Hovi Ivar Areklett 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2004,4(1):1-26
This article reviews basic insights about compliance and "hard" enforcement that can be derived from various non-cooperative
equilibrium concepts, and evaluates the Marrakesh Accords in light of these insights. Five different notions of equilibrium
are considered – the Nash equilibrium, the subgame perfect equilibrium, the renegotiation proof equilibrium, the coalition
proof equilibrium, and the perfect Bayesian equilibrium. These various types of equilibrium have a number of implications
for effective enforcement: (1) Consequences of non-compliance should be more than proportionate. (2) Punishment needs to take
place on the Pareto frontier, rather than by reversion to some suboptimal state. (3) An effective enforcement system must
be able to curb collective as well as individual incentives to cheat. (4) A fully transparent enforcement regime is not unconditionally
a good thing. It is concluded that constructing an effective system for "hard" enforcement of the Kyoto Protocol is a formidable
task that has only partially been accomplished by the Marrakesh Accords. In practice, however, the design of the compliance
system for the climate regime had to balance a desire to minimize non-compliance against other important goals, including
the need for due process. 相似文献
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