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861.
Improving the productivity of public employees has increasingly attracted the attention of urban policymakers and administrators concerned about the quality, cost, and efficiency of governmental service delivery. A national survey of local personnel managers was undertaken to ascertain the degree of jurisdictional receptivity to personnel-based management tools, preferred approaches, and the most serious policy and institutional barriers to the implementation of these changes. Research findings concerning the adoption of personnel reforms are generally consistent with those reported in prior studies except for an increase in the utilization of job enrichment techniques by local administrators. The reluctance of labor organizations to accept productivity bargaining and the unwillingness of local authorities to consider financial incentive plans for governmental executives are cited b y our respondents as the chief obstacles to greater managerial effectiveness. 相似文献
862.
863.
864.
The mobility of university inventors in Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
865.
Roger Svensson 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2007,32(5):545-559
In recent years, development agencies (DAs) have focused their activities on consulting projects rather than on financing
turnkey projects when assisting emerging markets. The main reason is that the implementation of consulting projects is likely
to be connected with an intensive knowledge transfer from developed to emerging markets. Training of local employees and cooperation
with local firms are necessary elements to make the transfer effective. The empirical statistics shows training and cooperation
to be more frequent in consulting projects financed by DAs as compared to commercial projects. According to theory and experience,
training should be included in projects in the least developed host countries, whereas local cooperation should be more frequent,
the higher is the development level of the host country. However, DAs do not follow these rules of thumb in a convincing way.
A policy implication of the paper is therefore that DAs should better organize and plan the contents of their consulting projects.
相似文献
Roger SvenssonEmail: |
866.
Munge BA Pomerantz AM Pettibone JC Falconer JW 《Journal of interpersonal violence》2007,22(10):1332-1339
To what extent does the length of the marriage or the wife's faithfulness to the husband influence the perception of responsibility or trauma in marital rape? In the current study, each participant was presented with one of four marital rape vignettes. The vignettes varied only in the length of the marriage (3 years or 15 years) and the fidelity status of the wife (continuously faithful or involved in an ongoing sexual affair with another man). Results indicate that both length of marriage and fidelity status significantly influence perceptions of marital rape. Specifically, participants assigned greater responsibility for the rape to unfaithful wives than to faithful wives. This finding is particularly salient for wives in long-term marriages as compared to wives in short-term marriages. Additionally, participants perceived rapes within long-term marriages as more traumatic than rapes within short-term marriages. 相似文献
867.
Several recent studies show European university scientists contributing far more frequently to company-owned patented inventions
than they do to patents owned by universities or by the academic scientists themselves. Recognising the significance of this
channel for direct commercialisation of European academic research makes it important to understand its response to current
Bayh-Dole inspired reforms of university patenting rights. This paper studies the contribution from university scientists
to inventions patented by dedicated biotech firms (DBFs) specialised in drug discovery in Denmark and Sweden, which in this
respect share a number of structural and historic characteristics. It examines effects of the Danish Law on University Patenting
(LUP) effective January 2000, which transferred to the employer university rights to patents on inventions made by Danish
university scientists alone or as participants in collaborative research with industry. Sweden so far has left property rights
with academic scientists, as they also were in Denmark prior to the reform. Consequently, comparison of Danish and Swedish
research collaboration before and after LUP offers a quasi-controlled experiment, bringing out effects on joint research of
university IPR reform. In original data on all 3,640 inventor contributions behind the 1,087 patents filed by Danish and Swedish
DBFs 1990–2004, Difference-in-Difference regressions uncover notable LUP-induced effects in the form of significant reductions
in contributions from Danish domestic academic inventors, combined with a simultaneous substitutive increase of non-Danish
academic inventors. A moderate increase in academic inventions channelled into university owned-patents does appear after
LUP. But the larger part of the inventive potential of academia, previously mobilised into company-owned patents, seems to
have been rendered inactive as a result of the reform. As a likely explanation of these effects the paper suggests that exploratory
research, the typical target of joint university-DBF projects in drug discovery, fits poorly into LUP’s requirement for ex
ante allocation of IPR. The Pre-LUP convention of IPR allocated to the industrial partner in return for research funding and
publication rights to the academic partner may have offered more effective contracting for this type of research. There are
indications that LUP, outside the exploratory agenda of drug discovery, offers a more productive framework for inventions
requiring less complicated and uncertain post-discovery R&D.
相似文献
Finn ValentinEmail: |
868.
Judith Sutz 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2007,32(4):329-341
Life sciences are the best developed area of academic research throughout Latin America. Biomedical research has been particularly
successful. However, generally speaking, excellence in research has not been accompanied by commercially successful innovations,
a pattern that differs from what has happened in many highly industrialized countries, even small ones. The paper explores
some causes of such disappointing outcome, stressing in particular the historical lack of political and social legitimacy
exhibited by innovation policies in underdevelopment. From a developmental point of view it is of great importance the building
of such legitimacy. One way of doing so is to link more tightly innovation policies to social concerns; bio-innovation is
suggested as a productive path towards that aim.
相似文献
Judith SutzEmail: |
869.
Substantial research has focused on the negative associations between coparenting conflict, parental psychological functioning,
and parenting behavior in European American, middle-income, families. However, less attention has been given to ethnic minority
families and to families that are nontraditionally structured. In an effort to address this gap, the current longitudinal
study examines the relation between conflict with the mother-identified primary co-caregiver and parenting practices in single
parent, economically disadvantaged African American families. Participants included 234 mother–child dyads. It was hypothesized
that conflict would relate to less utilization of positive parenting practices and that this association would be mediated,
at least in part, by maternal psychological distress. Hypotheses were examined using structural equation modeling (Lisrel
8.3): Conflict with a co-caregiver was significantly related to parenting both directly and indirectly through maternal psychological
distress. Implications of the findings are discussed.
相似文献
Shannon DorseyEmail: |
870.
Terrorism and relative justice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mark Findlay 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2007,47(1):57-68
Terrorist violence and violent justice responses have much in common. While contextually dependant, both forms of violence
lay claim to contestred legitimacies. The relationships between terrorism and justice responses require both theoretical and
empirical examination if the prospects for controlling the violence they perpetrate is to be sharpened.
相似文献
Mark FindlayEmail: |